Triceratops, Sabor Tooth Tiger, Homosapiens, and the Quagga Essay

Triceratops, Sabor Tooth Tiger, Homosapiens, and the Quagga - Essay ExampleAlthough it was believed to have existed for more than 10.000 age ago, its fossils were only found in 1841. Sabertooth tigers were carnivorous animals as explained by Michael H blockadeerson, paleontologist and curator of earth sciences at the Burpee Museum of Natural History in Rockford. These animals were efficient-killing machines and preyed on deer, bison, ground sloths, mastodon and even small mammoths. Their 7 inch-long teeth proved helpful in their hunt for bigger animals. In factSaber-toothed cats came up with an efficient way to dispatch their prey by evolving enlarged canines. Big cats, such as lions and tigers, often kill their prey by suffocating it. They sting down on the neck of their prey and cut off its air supply. ( qtd. from Oversized Teeth Helped Saber 1).The La Brea Tar Pits in California is a testimony of how smilodons were trapped while feeding on mammoths. The extinction of the saber to oth has been a puzzle to many scientists up to now. One hypothesis for its extinction is the end of Ice Age. According to Anton ( 2002 ) Pliocene also brought a significant decline among the machairodont cats. From the variety of genera existing during the late Miocene (Machairodus, Paramachairodus, Metailurus), only the large metailurine Dinofelis persisted In their turn, the group of modern felids with conic canines increased their diversity with the appearance of the first members of the Lynx group ( p.213). In short, the saber-tooth cannot adapt anymore to its environment that is why other feline species replaced it.Humans, thats what valet sapiens are. Bipedal primates that belong to Hominidae, the great ape family. Homo sapiens were known as hunter gatherers before the introduction of domestic cultivation came about. They were nomads who travelled from one place to another in search for food. Homo sapiens know how to use tools to defend themselves or to stage an attack on a prey which is usually an animal. The vegetation of

Write a book review on any book dealing with Islam as a religion Essay

Write a book review on any book dealing with Islam as a theology - Essay ExampleBut Abu Bakar controlled the Islamics with his wisdom. He ruled for two years and was succeeded by Omar. A man of rules, Omar played an important role in Muslims revival and also many areas were conquered in his era. His era shows the great development within Muslim world, not only as they conquered different split of Middle East and Africa, but also he solved many conflicts within Muslim world. He established few prefatory practices. He remained as a Caliph for virtually a decade and during this time, Islam spread worldwide and he conquered large are of land as well. Hence, his era could be called the red-letter era of Muslims. He established the first public treasury and also financial administration for the first time.Umar succeded by Usman, the third Muslim Caliph, ruled for almost twelve years. Islam spread worldwide during his era. He arranged the Koran in an order and spread it all over with the same order. The Koran that is read by Muslim today is the same version. He was murdered by few young men, as anarchy among Muslims started at that time. He was succeeded by Ali, Shia Muslims consider him as their spiritual leader. Ali was famous for his bravery, his rule is still remembered as the one which kept Muslims united. But after all these Caliphs, Muslims never get united again.After telling about the four Caliphs, writer stated about Ummayad Caliphs. It was established in 661 and last for a century. Damascus was the capital of Islamic World which got wider till that. It includes a great part of Asia and some part of Europe as well. Ummayad era is remembered as a golden era. Islamic conquests continued during this time, including Asia and Europe, the main parts conquered at that time were Central Asia, Spain, France and Indian subcontinent.Not only they did well in Defense side but also they did great at founding and organizing the basic social and legal institutions o f the

The Experiences of Men Diagnosed with Breast Cancer Assignment

The Experiences of Men Diagnosed with Breast Cancer - Assignment ExampleFollowing the conduction of the study, the enquiryers recommended that public and health professionals should raise awareness on male heart cancer in order to encourage men to undergo testing in order to identify breast cancer and the related malignancies in their primaeval stages (Boehmer 2012). Because of the rampant cases of late discovery of breast cancer in male patients, the study would act as a major contribution towards the enhancement of die public health. The study will be a key source material for other studies aimed at the topic of breast cancer in men. The look for problem, in this case, has a clear definition of coming up with the adequate level of evidence to ensure effective medical care in the conglomerate healthcare settings (Quach 2012). It is important to note that global health practice environment is becoming more complex, with professional requirements and patient demands increasing by the day. With such fighting(a) settings and demands, health professionals need adequate evidence in order to make the right health-related decisions. With this in mind, the problem is significant enough to justify the investigation. The literary productions check out provides an adequate core evidence synthesis on the topic of the study. It involves an analysis of the available literature and thus, a judgment of the effectiveness of the practice. The literature review acts as a predetermined plan of minimizing bias in researching the topic of the study, as well as a process of ensuring rigor in making findings. The literature review of the research study creates a good basis for the stating of the hypotheses and the research questions that are involved in the study. However, the study does not clearly state the research questions. However, it able to depict the researchers won speculation that male patients diagnosed with breast cancer depict signs of psychological problems, suc h as depression.

Geothermal Energy in Iceland Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geothermal Energy in Iceland - Coursework ExampleThe inquiryer states that despite the slow pace at which the queryes are being conducted, mainstream awareness, as well as government pressures, are on the rise. Various energy technologies have been proposed as appropriate for generating both electricity and heat to address the growing energy demand. A good example of a country involved in harnessing and utilizing renewable energy addresss by use of unhomogeneous technological developments in Iceland. Various research findings have outlined different sources of alternative energy. The sources include solar energy, which can be converted either for heating purposes or by use of heterogeneous conversion into electricity. Next is wind power that can be utilize either for generation of electricity or for pumping water. We also have biomass that is used for various purposes including production of heat for warmth and cooking and production of methane gas used in alcohol production fo r powering electric power plants and fueling automobile. The other source of renewable energy is geothermal power. It is a reservoir of hot water and steam beneath the earths surface and can be used for heating as well as the generation of electricity. In addition, we have tidal and wave energy is used for heating and generation of electricity. Of all the utter alternative sources of energy, geothermal energy is one of the energy sources that have gained relevance as green energy leading to its widespread exploitation. The main purpose of this account statement will be to demonstrate an understanding and ability to assess, generation and the use of, geothermal energy in Iceland with different forms of alternative technologies. As a result, the research process will involve Identification of the primary ways in which energy is being generated from an alternative source (geothermal) in Iceland for the generation of electricity, heat, and transport.

Electronic Health Records Essay Example for Free

Electronic Health Records EssayImplementing a new electronic health records (EHR) system to replace manual records is an extremely complicated task. EHRs use complex algorithms to exchange patient data among different physicians and departments such as a pharmacy and testing groundoratory. EHRs be becoming popular because employees and patients sess access records anytime and anywhere. Patient drug alerts be also part of the system to warn emergency room and intensive care nurses about potential drug reactions. A needs assessment is a systematic procedure to determine what components are required for EHR death penalty to prevent failure of the highly costly investment. Although EHR systems have been shown to dramatic all toldy reduce human error, proper assessment before undergoing the implementation process is critical or errors and costs could actually increase.An EHR assessment must be completed before the software packages can be selected to ensure it is conformed perf ectly to the specialized needs of the hospital. tally to the California Medical Association the assessment has two steps 1.) Readiness Assessment and 2.) Work Flow Analysis (Ginsberg et al., n.d.). The assessment should be done by a seasoned group of engineers, physicians, lab workers, billing staff, pharmacists, and nurses to collaborate so that each department increases patient safety and efficient care. The assessment should include a web-based demonstration that allows all stakeholders to identify gaps that would hinder their job responsibilities.Once the needs assessment has been done and marketers chosen as potential suppliers, the readiness assessment should begin. peerless of the most important data to collect is financial resources. Are more physicians going to behired that will increase training costs? burn down the organization truly afford the upstart investment and ongoing computer support? Space considerations are also critical to evaluate because most closets are too small for the new EHR platforms that have huge servers. High-speed internet capabilities are a must for EHR data exchange mingled with stakeholders. Moreover, are breathing medical records planned to be thinned to put the data into the new system? If so, data needs to be destroyed according to HIPP protocol to treasure patient confidentiality.The work flow analysis portion of the needs assessment looks at step-by-step procedures. Examples are scheduling, diagnostic tests, and reviewing tests, prescribing medication, clinical notes, and billing data (Ginsberg et al., n.d.). separate data to be analyzed for the EHR system should be medical history forms, lists of current medications vital signs, insurance, and referrals. The flow of steps in this planning process involves meshwork upgrades, expanding server room space, a Medicare fraud plan, selection of three EHR vendors, visiting other hospitals using the systems, negotiating, and finally select the model that is best suite d to all stakeholders.A 10-year study done by the Canada Health Info way about who should be consulted during adoption of an EHR system looked at 29 key stakeholders concern in establishing policy (Rozenblum et al., 2001). They found that stakeholders should be consulted from a bottom-up, clinical needs approach first because they will be the heaviest users of the system. This means physicians, nurses, certified nursing assistants, billers, lab workers, and pharmacy employees need to have significant input into selecting what aspects are most important. The number one reason for implementation failure is inadequate involvement of line-worker clinicians (Rozenblum et al., 2001).Therefore, the information science team must work very closely with these stakeholders. Other critical stakeholders to consult are the finance department to ensure how much funding is available. Patients are also important stakeholders because no one wants their health information linked to a huge system th at is insecure and prone to hacking confidential medical records. constitution makers at the executive organizational and governmental level also have powerful sway over which EHR is chosen. Lack ofcollaboration among these diverse groups can suss out implementation of the system for decades.Appropriate needs assessment provides relevant feedback to upper management. This helps these higher-ups make wise decisions based on financial resources, training needs for staff, vendor choice, and whether or not EHR is even necessary (Hartzler et al, 2013). Upper management is also provided with the ability to analyze which employees should have access to the system (or what parts of the system) to complete their designated tasks. Gaps between wants and needs can also be identified so that valuable resources are analyzed in cost-benefit analysis. Training needs or additional hiring of employees can also be anticipated to prevent glitches in the system due to human error. EHR systems can inc rease profit margins and protect patients from human error if assessed closely prior to purchase and implementation.ReferencesGinsberg, D. (n.d.). Successful preparation and implementation of an electronic health records system. Best Practices A guide for improving the efficiency and quality of your practice. Retrieved December 26, 2014 at https//www.cmanet.org/files/pdf/ehr/best-practices-7.pdf. Hartzler, A. et al. (2013). Stakeholder engagement A key component of integrating genomic information into electronic health records. Genetics in Medicine, 15, 792-801. Rozenblum, R. (2001). A qualitative study of Canadas have a go at it with the implementation of electronic health information technology. CMAJ, 183(5), E281-E288.

Moby Dick, Sophies World, East of Eden Essay Example for Free

Moby Dick, Sophies World, East of Eden EssayIn todays society, the issues of want and eject volition argon hotly debated, drawing in heated discussions of religion, chance, and the extent of exempt bequeath. While some believe we have a signifi jackpott amount of restrict over our lives exercised through free depart in our choices, others believe an entirely different power is at hand in controlling our lives. These issues often find themselves associated in literature, with examples such as antic Steinbecks East of Eden, Herman Melvilles Moby Dick, and Jostein Gaarders Sophies World. Among these books, thither are different interpretations on the role of compulsion and free give in gracious deportment. In particular, these three different works of literature express varying shows of balance between fate and free will, and how easily that balance can be changed. Ultimately, it is the decisions made by the different characters, the reasons behind their choices, and the respective consequences that ensue that lead understanding of the different demonstrations of the authors interpretations of free will and fate. allay will and fate are often regarded in terms of a balance, in that there is some of support that is controllable by using choice, represented as our free will, date there is still a nonher portion where there is little to no control, something we c on the whole fate.This observation of a balance between free will and fate is especially seen in Herman Melvilles Moby Dick. In Moby Dick, Ishmael, our protagonist, finds himself in the company of Queequeg, the chief harpooner aboard the Pequod. While together, Ishmael and Queequeg tramp a mat, with Ishmael thatton the shuttle through the threads on the loom while Queequeg strikes the woof with his sword, to tamp d experience the threads. During their weaving, Ishmael makes an observation in that their current activity was standardized how fate, free will, and chance worked, thinkin g, it seemed as if this were the Loom of Time, and I myself were a shuttle mechanically weaving and weaving away at the fates. Ishmael compares fate to the obdurate threads of warped of the warp subject to but one unchanging vibration on the loom. He then connects free will to his actions, with my own hand, I ply my own shuttle and weave my own emergency into these unalterable threads. He puts the last-place pieces together by saying that chance is homogeneous when Queequeg strikes the woof, being he was sometimes hitting the woof slantingly, or crookedly, or strongly, or weakly that led to producing a corresponding contrast in the final aspect of the completed fabric.His connection with the mat making and fate demonstrated his perspective of the balance between fate and free will, and perhaps brings to dead one of the much major themes of Moby Dick. He believes that free will is bound by fixed limitations we perceive as fate, and that our choices are limited to what we can we ave around our limitations, with the exception of random occurrences called chance, which can alter the limitations fate puts on our expressed free will. In Moby Dick, different motive often leads to different choices, which overall comes together to establish various consequences. Queequeg, one of the crewmembers under Captain Ahab, had fallen ill while aboard the Pequod. In absence of proper medicine and medical checkup attention, the most obvious conclusion was that Queequeg was going to die aboard the ship. He had still prepared for death by having a coffin made for him. At the end of it all, when it had seemed that fate had established his end, Queequeg simply claimed that he remembered he had some duties left to do ashore, and that he still had responsibilities. With his own will, he tried declare fate by recovering from his illness, attempting to give himself time to do his business ashore. The fact that the motive behind his prolonging of death was due to his responsibil ities, one could easily interpret his decisions as noble and respectable. However, Queequeg was but one of the two members of the Pequod who attempted to defy fate, the other of which being none other than the captain himself, Captain Ahab. After losing his arm in an encounter with Moby Dick, Captain Ahab had grown rather obsessed with capturing Moby Dick, lots to the point of giving up his sanity. However with all the stories of the great sperm whale, and even now knowing how destructive the whale could be, it was safe to say his search for the whale was ill-fated.However, even with fate clearly saying that his trip would lead to his own demise and possibly more, he was determined to capture Moby Dick purely out of spite and vengeance, two reasons that are often seen in negative light. What it all came down to was Queequegs noble intentions in trying to defy fate allowed him to recover from his illness and gave him more time, while Captain Ahabs bitter motives lastly led to not o nly the demise of the Pequod and its crew (excluding Ishmael), but similarly that of his own. Perhaps this brings to light another major theme of Moby Dick, in that it is ultimately our decisions in life and the reasons behind them that shape up how fate operates in our individual lives. This, on with the idea of the existence of human free will limited by fate yetalterable by chance, establishes the general idea of fate and free will have a crucial roles in making it contingent to understand and comprehend Moby Dick and all of its themes. Just as fate and free will have important roles in determining how life is experient by an individual, they also have key roles and determining of how an individual behaves. In a sense, its almost as if the decision of how a human is natured is a determinant in establishing the line between dependable vs. abuse in a person. This good vs. evil concept could especially be seen in washbasin Steinbecks East of Eden. Caleb Trask, the protagonist , struggles throughout the book while in a fight where he tries to suppress and overcome his inner demons. Caleb, son of Adam and Cathy, had lived his life in the shadow of his brother Aron, who was obviously in better light with his father. While Aron symbolically was the embodiment of all that was good, Caleb was the opposite, having had embodied evil, like his mother. However, Caleb demonstrates the usage of free will in the struggle of overcoming evil. This is clearly shown during the confrontation of him and his mother, and his realization that Cathy is a prostitute. When Caleb meets with Cathy, Cathy tries to convince Caleb that in addition to her being evil herself, he also has the alike evil within himself, and that he is more like her than he knows. However, he realizes otherwise, that he has choice in whether or not he would be evil. At the end of their conversation, Caleb reminisces on what Lee said, saying that, I was afraid I had you in me But Im my own. I dont have to be you. At this part of the story, Caleb demonstrates understanding of one of the major themes of the story, simply known as Timshel. Caleb realizes that it is his choice, his own free will to overcome evil. He establishes that while there is evil in all of us, we are all capable of overcoming that evil, and choosing whatever path we wish to walk, all by using free will.While Caleb had ultimately come to the conclusion that morality is a free choice, other characters of East of Eden had other interpretations of morality. Aron, Calebs brother, for example had a problem with the overcoming of evil. His world had been neatly put together for him so that he only had to face good in life, to the point where his mothers evil proved too much for him. Cathy, had been convinced that world was nothing but evil, and therefore accepted it and settled for using deception in orderto advance in life. In the end, however, the evil she had spent her life embodying herself in proved to be moreover as overwhelming to her as it was to her son Aron, and she ultimately commits suicide. Caleb, standing at the crossroads of good and evil, successfully applies Lees advice and realizes morality is free choice, and that free will and determination are enough to overcome evil and lead a life of righteousness. By accepting that humans are imperfect and sinful, Caleb was able to realize that humans dont need to be perfect to be good, and that genuine goodness comes after overcoming evil. Because he had applied Timshel in his life he became capable of living a controllable life, one with a moral destiny that truly belonged to him. John Steinbecks in-depth coverage of the story of Caleb and his choices truly make Timshel, or thou mayest, a very powerful and key theme in East of Eden. The role of free will in this story establishes the fact that evil can be overcome by human, regardless of fate, and all up to moral decision.Just as previously stated and seen in books like Moby Dick and Eas t of Eden, free will and fate are often seen as in a balance, sometimes with the weight over on fates side or vice versa. However, there are instances where free will can completely overcome fate in fields where it doesnt seem to the slightest bit possible. Such an example of impossible overcoming of fate with free will can be seen in Jostein Gaarders Sophies World. In Sophies World, the story of Sophie, a 14 year old girl who undergoes philosophy lessons, is followed. Sophie, who consistently receives notes not addressed to her but with ponderous questions such as Who are you, believes that her life is practical, and that she is living her own life. However though a complicated turn of events, it is shown that Sophie, along with her philosophy teacher Alberto, are both part of another mans imagination, characters of his mind. Albert Knag, the man behind it all, can be seen as fate, in that he controls what happens to Sophie and Alberto showing that they do not truly have a choice, and that their sense of free will was but an illusion. Though the odds against them are tremendous, being they are characters in Knags book and in his mind, Sophie shows a giant show of free will and escape, using the help of Alberto. Using nothing but free will, Sophie does the impossible and escapes the book and becomes a spirit, able to roam the world but fated to have limited interaction with the world.However, it is shown that Sophie plans on attempting on have more and more influence in the real world and that she is not content with being an invisible person forever. Gaarder demonstrates a theme of how limitless free will truly is, and how fate can be overcome regardless of how the odds are stacked.With all three of these literary pieces, there is a similarity in that all three books cover the topic of fate and free will. However, these three books show different interpretations of the extent of the two factors, and what is and isnt possible when interacting with the two. Su ch as in the case of Moby Dick, free will and fate are shown to be in a balance, with the two working around each other nicely. It is also seen that fate cannot be overcome, in that the demise of the entire crew was inevitable. In East of Eden, fate and free will were shown to have impact on how a person is perceived as good or evil, and how free will can potential allow one to completely overcome evil. In the case of fate, free will is shown to be able to overcome it, however only with tremendous effort and understanding. Similarly, in Sophies World, fate was able to be overcome, but again, only with a tremendous amount of effort and understanding. These three books together and their respective morals and themes can be directly applied to daily life. Free will and fate do have roles in human life, in that misfortunes can often be presented and perceived as fate, and naturally actions in the discrepancy of free will can additionally play in overcoming those misfortunes. By utilizi ng and exercising free will in daily life, the perception of fate as being something completely uncontrollable can easily be brought down to a more containable entity. Moreover, with the understanding of free will and fate that these three books offer, the luck for a life with a controllable moral future becomes available.In these three novels, the overall theme of a relation between free will and fate is existent. Respectively, the three authors of these books show their own interpretations of how fate and free will coincide, and how much control humans have on their own fate, or just how much free will they can exercise. However it is seen in all three books that with enough exercise of free will in the right light, unequivocal events may occur, such as East of Edens Calebovercoming evil, Moby Dicks Queequeg recovery from his almost certain fatal illness, and Sophies Worlds Sophie, who escaped her confinements of being a controlled character in another mans mind. Though the autho rs may have had their own unique interpretation of fate and free will, with their respective limits, the overall message that all three authors would most likely agree on would be humans are given a tremendous amount of free will and are presented with different kinds of fate, and that what they choose to do with that free will ultimately decides how much fate will control their life.

Fourty famous studies that influeneced psychology Essay Example for Free

Fourty famous studies that influeneced psychology Es accountBorn First, Born SmarterThis study involves a persons intellectual development in correlation to the order in which they were born in relation to their siblings. Two research psychologists, Robert B. Zajonc and Gregory B. Markus, developed a theory in an attempt to explain the affinity between take order and intelligence. They conducted this study by gathering information from previous research and applied it to the data they collected themselves. A research befuddle was conducted n the late 1960s that involved testing the intellectual abilities of youngsterren born at the end of WWII. They found a strong relationship between the birth order and the Raven test scores. The mavens born first scored higher, and the score decreased with the declining birth order. However, the average Raven score for the first born in a two family is only when some 5 points higher and then that for a last born in a family with nine children. So the more children you do, and the littler the gap between each child is, the more intelligent each child in succession will be.In Control and Glad of ItResearchers Ellen J. Langer and Judith Rodin conducted a field test using elderly people in an elderly home to test the outcome of when people ar given control as strange to when people squander e realthing done for them. Langer and Rodins prediction was that if the loss of personal responsibility for ones life causes a person to be less happy and healthy, then increasing control and power should have the opposite effect. Two floors of the elderly home were randomly selected to be observed. unrivaled floor was given options for certain things such(prenominal) as there furniture arrangement and which movie they would like to attend.The opposite floor, was given no such options and had everything arranged and done for them by the staff. The staff was asked to take out questionnaires nearly the patients on their fl oor (the staff new nothing of the audition). The questionnaires had questions on it to comment about things such as if the patents were sociable, happy, alert, and pull down how much they visited different patients. The differences between the two separates were incredible. They determined that all over on the whole, the increased responsibility conferences condition improved over the three weeks ofthe study, era the no-control group was doing progressively poorer. They concluded that when people who have been forced to give up their control and decision-making power atomic number 18 given a greater sense of personal responsibility, their lives and attitudes improve, as is true with the opposing side.to a greater extent Experience = Bigger BrainMark R. Rosenzweig and Edward L. Bennett wanted to find out if the brain changes in response to experience. Because this experiment involved long periods of observation and even autopsies to observe the changes in the brain, the two r esearchers couldnt use hu troops subjects, so they used rats for the experiment. Three male rats where chosen to participate and as indicationed to one of three conditions. One rat remained in the colony confine with the rest of the colony. One rat was placed in an enriched environs and one was placed in an destitute environment. at that place were 12 rats in each of these conditions for each of the 16 experiments. The standard cage had numerous rats and had adequate space with food and water al substances available. The improvised environment was a slightly sm masterlylyer cage, isolated in a separate room, where the rat was alone with adequate food and water. Finally, the enriched environment was a large cage filled with many toys and furnished with every luxury a rat could want.The results indicated that the brains of the enriched rats were highly different from those of the impoverished rats. The cerebral cortex of the enriched rats was significantly heavier and thicker th en those of the impoverished rats. Also, the study found a significantly greater number of glial cells in the enriched rats brains compared with the rats raised in the dull environment. After 10 years of experiment and research the researchers could all the way and confidently state that there is no doubt that many aspects of brain anatomy and brain chemistry are changed by experience. However, many scientists were skeptical of there findings because there were factors that Rosenzweig and Bennett didnt take into consideration. The enriched rats were handled more which could have been a brain stimulus and the impoverished rats could have been stressed from having no contact with anyone or anything at all.See AggressionDo AggressionOne of he most famous and influential experiment ever conducted in psychology history demo how children shape to be aggressive. This study by Albert Bandura and his associates Dorothea Ross and Shelia Ross was elevator carried out in 1961 at Stanford U niversity. The researchers asked for the help of the Stanford University nursery in obtaining thirty-six boys and thirty-six girls raging from ages 3-6. The average age for he children was 4 years and 4 months. Twenty four of the children were assigned to the control group which was the group that wasnt exposed to any ensample. The rest of the children were carve up into two groups one exposed to aggressive models and one exposed to non-aggressive models, they were also divided by sex. They eventually had 8 experimental groups divided by gender and level of aggression. First, the experimenter brought a child from one of the groups to a playroom with an adult model.The adult model beat a Bobo doll with a fake mallet while the child played with other toys. Another child was brought in after and the adult model ignored the Bobo doll. This went on for all the groups. 1) The children who were exposed to the violent models tended to imitate the consume violent behaviours they observed when left alone with the Bobo doll. 2) Overall, girls were more likely to imitate the verbal aggression toward the Bobo doll, while the boys showed more physical violence. 3) Boys were significantly more physically aggressive then girls in nearly all the conditions. 4) The boys used the mallet significantly more then girls in almost all of the conditions. 5) The control group was generally less violent then the experimental group.6) in cases with a non-aggressive female, the children used hardly any aggressive language.What You Expect Is What You GetThis study involves teachers expectancies of pupils and how that affects the students I.Q. gains. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson conducted a study where they theorized that when an elementary school teacher is provided with information (such as I.Q. scores) that creates certain expectancies about a students potential, either strong or weak, the teacher might unknowingly behave in ways that subtly encourage or facilitate the perfor mance of the students go acrossn as more likely to succeed. An elementary school was chosen andall the children grades 1-6 were given an I.Q. test near the beginning of the year. The teachers were told that there students were taking the Harvard Test of Inflected Acquisition. This was told to them because this test was supposed to be a predictor for a childs academic blooming.Teachers believed that students that scored higher would enter a period of increased learning abilities. This was also not true. Children were chosen at random to be within the top 20 partile of this test and the teachers were informed of this. All other children were the control group of this experiment. At the end of the year the children were tested again using the I.Q. test and the children in the beginning chosen for the top 20% showed a significantly increased score then those of the control group in grades one and two. In grades 3-6 the difference was not so great. The reason for the 1st and 2nd grade development was thought to be because of how younger minds were more malleable then older children and how younger children dont have a reputation from previous school years.I Can See It All Over Your FaceResearchers Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Freisen conducted a study about how nervus facialis expressions and emotions are a universal language. The first problem with this experiment was that the researchers had to find subjects that had never been exposed to media or magazines because this would enable the subjects to not truthfully identify a certain aflame expression. Ekman and Freisen found a group of people like this in the Southeast Highlands of New Guinea called the Fore people. They were an isolated Stone date society with not much contact of any other people outside there environment, let alone any media. They had not been exposed to emotional facial expressions other then those of there own people. The two researchers showed there experimental groups of adults and childr en pictures of different facial expressions of people from the United States and told them a sentence.They asked them to identify by pointing, to the correct matching facial expression. The adults were given three pictures to choose from and the children were given two. on that point was not much difference between male and female wisdom of expressions, however the children did fair a little better in the experiment. This could have been attributed to the fact thatthe children only had to choose between two pictures instead of three. The results for both adults and children clearly support the researchers theory that particular facial behaviors are universally associated with particular emotions. The only trouble that the Fore people had was distinguishing between fear and surprise, and this was because these people about associated fear and surprise as one emotion.Racing Against Your HeartUsing their earlier research and clinical observations, two cardiologists, Meyer Friedman a nd Ray H. Rosenman, developed a model of traits for a specific type of persons behavioral pattern that they believed was link up to growing levels of cholesterol and to message disease. The first pattern, pattern A, had characteristics such as a guide to achieve your goals, a competing personality, multi-tasking that involves meeting deadlines, and extreme alertness. Following this is another type of people, called pattern B. Pattern B is the exact opposite of pattern A. They lacked drive, ambition, desire to compete, and enfolding in deadlines. A third set of behaviors developed was called pattern C. This was very much like pattern B but involved anxiety and insecurity. Friedman and Rosenman interviewed about 166 men for there experiment. They first questions they asked them were about there familys medical history, so they could see if they had CHD. While in this interview the researchers categorized each man into a pattern A or B category by the way he answered questions, or his tone, or body language.Each subject was asked to keep a log of there diet over the course of a week and blood tests were taken from each of the men to measure cholesterol levels. Friedman and Rosenman matched each man into pattern A and pattern B easily. Each man fit into one of the developed patterns. The researchers found that the men in Pattern A group had significantly higher chances of heart disease and that type A behavior was a major cause of blood abnormalities. However there could be other reasons why Type A had higher chances of heart disease such as, there familys history. More men in the pattern A group had parents with heart disease. Another difference was that pattern A men smoked more cigarettes a day then did the subjects in group B. This study was very all- key(prenominal) in the history of psychology for a fewreasons. One way was that it proved certain behavioral patterns can cause major heart related illness. Another is that this study began a new line of res earch and questioning into the relationship between behavior and CHD. The largest long-range outcome from this study that has played an important role in creating a new branch of psychology called health psychology.Not Practicing What You PreachThis study involves attitudes and actions toward different racial groups. It was determine if what people say is actually what they will do if they come face to face with the problem. Richard T. LaPiere traveled extensively with a young Chinese couple in 1930 and 1931. The couple was very nice and personable and he was glad to be traveling with them. During this sequence there was a lot of prejudice in the U.S. against Asiatics. So, LaPiere was very surprised when the Asian couple was graciously accommodated at a very fine hotel that had a reputation for greatly disliking Orientals. Two months later he called the said(prenominal) hotel and asked if they would accommodate a very important Chinese man and they said defiantly not. LaPiere the n developed a theory that stated What people say is often not what they do. The study was conducted in two separate parts. First, LaPiere went with his Chinese friends to many hotels and restaurant throughout the U.S. over the course of two years.He took record of how the couple was treat and made sure to first stay out of site of the managers of the establishments to ensure that the couple wouldnt be treated differently in his presence. The second part of the experiment was for LaPiere to wait 6 months after there trip (to make sure the effect of the Chinese couples visit had faded), and then call each establishment that they went to or stayed at, and asked them if they would accommodate a Chinese person.After almost three years, LaPiere had enough information to make a comparison of social attitudes social behavior. Out of the 251 hotels and restaurants they attended, only one refused the couple and LaPiere service because of the couples race. Aside from that instance, all other places accommodated them with average or above average service. When he received most of the letters dorsum with an answer from the hotels and restaurants over 90% of them said they would absolutely not accommodate anyone of the Chinese race. This confirmed LaPieres theory that what peoplesay, is not always how they will act.The magnate of ConformityResearch psychologist Solomon E. Asch conducted a study to see if people will give into peer pressure and conform to there friends ideas. A person was let into a room (Subject A) with seven other subjects. These seven people, without subject A knowing, were not participants in the experiment, they were helping the experimenter. Each person was asked which line was longer on a card that was shown to them. Subject A went first and then followed was the seven other subjects and then subject A was asked again. They did this several times until one time, all the other subjects disagreed with subject A and all picked the same one, different form his choice.When the card came back to subject A he picked the one everyone else picked. Seventy-Five percent of the time the first subject will conform to the groups consensus at least once. The powerful effects of group pressures to conform were clearly demonstrated in Aschs study. there are four factors that could have an effect on the reduction of conformity. These factors are social support, attraction and commitment to the group, size of the group, and gender of the group. If you have people on your side you are more likely to stay with your answer rather then conform.Crowding Into The Behavioral SinkThe effects of crowding on our behavior are something that has interested psychologists for decades. One man in particular, John B. Calhoun was especially interested in it when he conducted this study on crowding and social pathology. It whitethorn be hard to believe but rats do have a social side. The reason Calhoun used rats were because he needed many subjects for long per iods of time that were willing to crowd together for a while. Humans wouldnt be very good at this. He used a 1014 foot room and divided it into 4 sections. Section one was connected to section 2 by a ramp, section 2 was connected to section 3 by a ramp, and section 3 was connected to section 4 by a ramp. The walls were electrified so in order to get from section 1 to section 4 you needed to go through all the rooms. The rooms were also filledwith shreds of paper, in order for the rats to make nests. The experimenter filled the rooms with rats.They started with about 4 rats and waited or the rats to multiply until they reached 80. When over 80 were reached some rats were removed so they always had a constant number. When the rats got older, they started to fight with each other for space even though it wasnt necessarily too crowd. The two end rooms were soon fought for because they got the most space and privacy so the rat that won the fight always stayed on guard at the end of the ramp for security. Some rats became submissive and others always fought. Some of the rats were very sexually active and some wanted nothing to do with it. Some of the mothers in the two middle pens became inadequate.They often left their children and lost all maternal abilities. One environment where the same thing that take a chanceed to the rats might happen to humans is in an overcrowded prison. It was found in a very crowded prison where each inmate has approximately 50 square feet, as opposed to one with more room, there were more cases of homicides, suicide, illness, and disciplinary problems. Crowding also has negative effects on problem-solving abilities. When in a small room thats crowded subjects had a more difficult time citeening to a story and putting tighter a puzzle, then did another group with more space and the same tasks.Relaxing Your Fears AwayResearcher Joseph Wolpe was a research psychologist specializing in the systematic desensitization treatment of neuroses . The word phobia comes from Phobos, the name of the Greek god of fear. Phobias are divided into three main categories. Simple phobias are phobias that involve irrational fears of animals or specific situations such as small spaces or heights. Social phobias are irrational fears about interaction with others. Agoraphobia is the irrational fear of being in an unfamiliar, open, or crowded space. These are all irrational and all can be treated in similar ways. Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique that was credited to Wolpe as perfecting and applying it to the treatment of anxiety disorders. Systematic desensitization is the way of unlearning a learned behavior. Reciprocal inhibition is when two responses inhibit each other, and only one may exist at a given moment. There are three steps that a patient mustiness follow in orderto rid themselves of a phobia. Wolpe says that you cannot be in a complete relaxed state and have an irrational fear at the same time, so the fir st step is relaxation.He taught the patient to go into a deep state of relaxation whenever they wanted or needed too. The process involves tensing and relaxing your muscles until you have reached a state of complete relaxation. Wolpe also incorporated hypnosis to ensure full relaxation. The next step in the process is for the therapist and patient to develop a list of high anxiety-producing situations involving your phobia. Starting with the least stressful and ending with the most stressful. The final exam stage is called the unlearning stage.The patient has to go into a deep state of relaxation and the therapist will read off to you your fears of the list. If at any point you emotional state anxiety the therapist stops you return to your relaxation mode and the therapist will continue. This process continues until the therapist can go through the entire list with you feeling the least bit anxious. The success of their therapy was judged by the patients own reports and by the occ asional direct observation. He had a success rate of 91% with the 39 cases he had. The average number of treatment sessions needed was 12.3. Wolpe said that he hasnt had any patient relapse after a complete desensitization recovery.Whos distressed Here, Anyway?David L. Rosenhan conducted an experiment with rational people going into mental facilities claiming to hear voices, to see if the patients would be immediately released if acting completely sane. Rosenhan questioned whether the characteristics that lead to psychological diagnoses shack in the patients themselves or in the situations in which the observers find the patients. Eight subjects including Rosenhan committed themselves to eight different mental hospitals. Each subject was completely sane and in perfect mental health. When committing themselves to the hospital they complained of hearing voices and all but one where admitted and on record as having schizophrenia. Each patient once admitted, acted perfectly sane and showed no signs of schizophrenia yet were treated as though they did have a mental illness throughout their entire stay. They were given medication which they habituated of and were not treated as normal people.It was as if because theywere in the mental hospital, they were automatically considered to not be a real human being. Rosenhans study demonstrated rather strongly that normal patients cannot be distinguished from the mentally ill in a hospital setting. According to Rosenhan, this is because of the strength of the mental setting has over the patients actual behavior. Once patients are admitted to such a place, there is a strong inclination for them to be viewed in ways that strip them of all individuality. This study surprises me. Im taken aback that these professionals that have worked with mentally ill patients cannot decipher between a truly mental patient and a completely mentally-healthy patient. It is extremely amateur that the staff member/nurse did at one of the fac ilities by adjusting her bra in front of patients as if they werent real people.Thanks For The MemoriesOne of the leading researchers in the area of memory is Elizabeth Loftus at the University of Washington. She has found that when an event is recalled it is not accurately recreated. Instead its whats called reconstructive memory. Loftus defines a presupposition as a condition that must be true in order for the question to make sense. For example, suppose that you have witnessed an automobile accident and I ask you, How many people were in the car that was speeding? The question presupposes that the car was speeding. One experiment done by Loftus was having students in small groups watch a car accident video that was about 1 minute long. After the film ended the students had to answer questions. For half the students the first question was How fast was car A going when it ran the stop sign?The other students had a question that read How fast was car A going when I turned right? The last question for both groups was Did you see the stop sign? In the group that had been asked about the stop sign 53% of the subjects said they saw a stop sign for car A, while only 35% in the turned right group claimed to have seen it. Based on these and other studies, Loftus argues that an accurate theory of memory and recall must include a process of reconstruction that occurs when new information is integrated into the original memory of an event. There is little doubt that in the course of outlaw prosecutions, eye witness reports are subject to many sources oferror such as post event information integration.