Bad news letter Essay

Your order for five Canon LPB-8 A1 Laser Printers arrived today. This lightweight, rapid-speed, letter quality printer is the leading machine in the field.  Our main function is to purchase office equipment in large quantities and then resell it to retailers. In order to do this most efficiently, we ask that all orders be for at least 12 units. If you will call me at 551-5656 and increase your order to a dozen or more, your machines will be shipped within three days. Should you feel that this order is too large, Harrison & Sons, Inc, a retailer in your area, should be able to provide you with excellent service.(Give a solution) Their price will be slightly higher than ours, but they have a fine reputation for sales and service. You can reach them at 227-0404. The first paragraph, the buffer, discusses the quality of the machine, a fact with which both the buyer and the seller can agree. The reasons for the bad news and the bad news itself are presented in sequential order. The third paragraph offers a solution for the problem. The final close offers an alternative. In writing a bad news letter, every effort should be made to reduce the impact. A well-written bad news letter will accomplish three objectives: 1. The reader will realise that the bad news decision is final. 2. The person will understand that the decision was both fair and reasonable. 3. The reader’s attitude towards the writer and the company will remain positive. A bad news letter has four elements: buffer, reasons, decision and close. They are discussed in detail on the next pages. Buffer A buffer is a neutral or non-controversial statement that is used to open a bad news letter. The most effective buffers have four characteristics: 1. they are pleasant; 2. they are relevant to the issue; 3. they are neutral in tone, saying neither yes nor no; 4. they provide a transition to the next part of the letter where the reasons for the decision are discussed. 1. pleasant, offering assistance We like to help our customers as much as we realistically can. 2. relevant and fair We have carefully reviewed your application for an extension of credit with our firm. 3. neutral, finding a point on which the writer and the reader can agree. The objective of a credit line should be to make one’s financial obligations easier to manage. DON’TS ï‚ · Avoid saying no at the beginning of the letter. This will discourage the individual from reading the rest of the message and defeat the effort to present the news in an indirect manner. ï‚ · Do not apologise. An apology weakens the reasons that follow and may lead the reader to conclude that the rejection was unnecessary. ï‚ · Avoid writing an overly long opening paragraph. â€Å"We are in receipt of your letter of January 18† adds nothing to the letter and may give the reader the impression that the writer is stalling for time. ï‚ · Do not use a â€Å"know-it-all† tone. â€Å"Our years of experience have shown us that †¦.† is likely to be negatively received. Reasons To justify the bad news decision and to explain the situation to your reader, you give reasons for the negative decision. Four guidelines are: 1. Do not hide behind company policy. Explain the specific reasons behind the policy rather than mentioning the policy itself. 2. Do not talk down to the reader. 3. Do not be so brief that the reader is unable to follow your explanation. We have reviewed your request for an increase in your credit line and have decided to take no action at this time. 4. Avoid using negative words that are likely to upset the reader. (mistake, error, will not, regrettably, dismayed, cannot, fault, wrong, unable). Decision Make a clear statement of the decision. In many cases the refusal does not have to be explained in detail, because the previous section has already conveyed the decision. If it has not, then this is the time to do so. There are three useful techniques: 1. Give the refusal a minimum amount of space. 2. Put the refusal in the middle of the paragraph. 3. Use the passive voice Active: Since you forgot to send in the refund request until after the assigned period, we are unable to give you the refund. Passive: Since your request for a refund was received after the assigned period, we are unable to grant your request for a refund. Don’t use indirect approach. Get to the point quickly Positive Close End the letter on a positive note. This depends on the situation. For example, in the case of a person who wants an extension of credit, the writer could recommend purchasing the goods for cash. In the case of a customer who has made a mistake and now wants the order refilled for free, the writer could offer a discount on future orders. However the close is written, it should keep the customer’s goodwill. Do not: ï‚ · bring up the refusal again ï‚ · apologise for the decision ï‚ · ask for a continuance of the correspondence. The closing statement: If you have any further questions about our decision, do not hesitate to write. indicates that the matter is not closed. ï‚ · use clichà ©s. If we can be of help in the future, please let us know has no real meaning. The reader has just been refused something; he is unlikely to believe the statement. Summary A bad news message should make clear that the bad news decision is final but is also fair and reasonable. It should be written in such a way that the reader’s attitude towards the writer and the company remains positive. Bad news messages usually follow the indirect approach. They have four elements: buffer, reasons, decision and positive close.

Impact of Social Networking over the Society Essay

Over the past few years, internet has revolutionized the way we interact with people within a society. Due to the staggering number of cell phone usurers with the facility of internet, we are able to communicate with others in new ways with more efficiency. In the same time these fancy ways of communication put ourselves in a deceiving place where it can be very harmful for our self without we being noticed it. In this article summary I mentioned what scientist speculate as negative impacts of social networking on the society. It includes how our brains assimilate to highly addictive social sites, how we compromise our security over theses websites as well as changes of our normal behaviors due to theses web sites. According to † Is Social Networking Killing You? † by Robert Mackey, In The New York Times on February 25, 2009, Susan Greenfield, a professor of pharmacology at Oxford university and the director of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, stated on a British newspaper that trend of social networking reminds her of † small babies need constant reassurance that they exists.† Been as a neuroscientist she concerns about the effects that this type of stimulations having on the brain. These technologies are driving the brain to state of a small child where buzzing noises and bright lights are a huge attraction. She expressed due to the great influence of high interaction rates with social networking sites as well as digital video games could be harmful to children’s mind. When a young brain is exposed to such conditions the brain itself starts to accustom to the influenced surroundings. For an example, social interactions conducted through screens are completely different from the real time spoken conversation. There for it is far less perilous. Even though it may not seem as an extreme issue, biologists have uncovered lack of face to face interaction could alter the way our genes work, upset immune responses, hormone levels, the function of arteries, and influence mental performance. It is not only posing health issues. It also jeopardize the personal privacy of certain individuals. Consumers of these websites think their privacy has been ensured by the high level of security settings but according to 2010 Northeastern University and Max Plank institute for software system study researchers created an algorithm to discover an individual’s personal attributes by examining the â€Å"Friends list on Facebook. † they were capable of inferring many personal traits of the certain individuals including their educational level, hometown who were chosen to conduct this experiment on. Further more BBC News reports that social networking sites create social isolation in to a certain extend over the internet. As people spend considerable time on social networking sites they are lead to a host of mental, psychological, emotional and physical problems including depression, anxiety, and somatic complaints. University of Illinois at Chicago school of Medicine animal study showed correlation between social isolation impaired brain hormones is more likely to conduct tremendous amount of stress, aggression, and mental issues on socially isolated people. Moreover there are some other aspects which can be considered as negative impacts of social networking on the society. Some people conclude by exposing to these sites more often would make youngsters with poor grammar usage, increase the risk of identity theft, decrease the productivity of the day, and provide a platform for cyber bulling which in some cases leads to suicidal behaviors. Work cited Mackey,Robert., (2009, February 24). The New York Times. Retrieved from http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/is-social-networking-killing-you/

MASLOW’S THEORY OF HUMAN NEEDS Essay

MASLOW’S THEORY OF HUMAN NEEDS Maslow’s theory of human needs focuses on the key foundation and the relations of human needs A need is a physiological or psychological deficiency that a person wants to satisfy In his theory, Maslow identified human needs and categorized them into 5 levels. These levels are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. It is Important for managers to know this theory because these needs cause tensions which can influence a person’s work attitude and behaviors Maslow’s theory is based on two underlying principles: Deficit principle which states that a satisfied need no longer motivates behavior because people act to satisfy deprived needs Progression principle that states that the five needs he identified exist in a hierarchy, which means that a need at any level can only be put into play after a lower-level need has been satisfied. Maslow identified five levels of human needs, starting from highest to lowest which are: Physiological needs: Physiological needs are basic human needs and biological necessities such food, water, shelter, air, sleep, etc. These needs are the strongest because the physiological needs come first in the person’s search for satisfaction. Ex: rest and refreshment breaks, physical comfort on the job, reasonable work hours Safety needs: Safety needs includes the need of security, protection, and stability in order to be free of the threat of physical and emotional harm. It is important to understand this need and for managers to provide a safe workplace. Ex: safe working conditions, job security, base compensation and benefits Social needs: Social needs are those related to interaction and belongingness with other people and include work groups, friends, family, love and affection, relationships, etc. People seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation and managers must understand this to ensure  employee involvement, production and motivation. Ex: friendly coworkers, interaction with customers, pleasant supervisors Esteem needs: Esteem needs are when people desire self-esteem from both themselves and by others too. Esteem needs include achievement, mastery, respect, competence, prestige, recognition, managerial responsibility, etc. Managers who understand this can help ensure employees and team members feel valued and respected which increases their self-esteem. Ex: responsibility of an important job, promotion to higher status job, praise and recognition from the boss Self-actualization needs: Self-actualization is a person’s need to reach their full capability. It is the highest need because it develops only after all of the foregoing needs are satisfied and includes realizing personal potential, personal growth, self-fulfillment, and creativity. As a manager, it is important to help employees or team members find this, so their employees will be satisfied and productive. Ex: creative and challenging work, participation in decision making, job flexibility and autonomy

Morrison's Limited Report Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Morrison's Limited Report Plan - Essay Example As of the end of 2006, Morrison’s Limited has 11.3% of the UK grocery market share, with Tesco in the lead with 30.6% and Asda in second place by market share with 16.3%. Morrison’s has grown quite impressively in the last decade. In 2004, they reported a large and healthy increase in sales and operating profits. However, it faced some problem areas as well in the form of the acquisition of Safeway which has been dragging down Morrison’s overall profit levels. There have been some solutions suggested to the problems Morrison’s currently faces. To increase the currently low performance of acquired stores like Safeway, Morrison’s needs to put in a little extra investment in the stores while increasing the rate of conversion simultaneously. Also the converted stores need to be revamped according to Morrison’s clientele and demographic. In the UK grocery market, Morrison’s has an image of a trust worthy place to buy grocery from that will offer its clients down-to-earth prices for quality products. The brand has never let frills become more important than the core needs of the business and thus added benefits have not been at the expense of the core functions. The management at Morrison’s targets controlling and cutting costs, making a lean operating profit, making its supply chain process more efficient and trying to revamp and bring up to the level expected by the Morrison’s brand, stores like Safeway. There is nothing glamorous or glittery about Morrison’s however, this may be a plus point for the brand as a reason why customers are loyal to it. The biggest challenge it thus faces is to evolve in response to its diversified customer base as it expands with time. At this point in time, Morrison needs to explore every possible avenue that it can exploit to gain a competitive advantage in a growingly competitive market. Thus, numerous company-wide initiatives were launched to be implemented so th at the company could improve its self and thus gain an edge over its competitors. Some key variable the firm was working with were increasing sustainability, improving working across the organization by making it more efficient, increasing savings and adjusting and adapting well to the fast moving dynamic modern market. Some solutions that were put forward were targeted towards increasing leverage in a specific area of expertise. The main idea also incorporated improvements in the form of process specialists, consumer relationship management, improving procurement technology and supply chain and enhancing change management capability of the company. Efficiency and effectiveness were to be increased substantially and it was expected that these measure would in turn improve the levels of capability and experience in the workforce. The approach to be implemented had to be collaborative and operational across the organization at all levels. Employees were to be motivated and trained to the effect of increasing the business’s overall efficiency, level of savings, and improving to cultural and behavioral change in modern times and markets while making sure that none of these measures caused any substantial operational setbacks for the company. (Proxima, Case Study). Morrison’s has used several growth strategies to expand as it did over the

Basic Concepts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Basic Concepts - Coursework Example For example, when â€Å"what you did† was done, it meant letting go of his girl, so he has to think twice if he cheats (â€Å"what you did†) because it would entail his girl leaving him. Beyonce Knowles Single Ladies also explains the basic transaction of exchange in economics. That if you want something, a good or service or in this case, the girl, you should pay or put a ring on it. This is present in the lyrics â€Å"Cause if you liked it, then you should have put a ring on it/ If you liked it, then you shoulda put a ring on it†. Johnny Cash’s I Walk the Line is a little complex because it explains the concepts of inelastic demand. That is, the demand remains constant regardless of price. In the lyrics, it present in these lines that reads â€Å"Youve got a way to keep me on your side/ You give me cause for love that I cant hide†. In this music, the other person which the music pertains to gives the singer â€Å"to keep me on your side†. The me is the â€Å"service† in this lyrics of which the other person is willing to pay or give at any price just to keep â€Å"me on your

Discuss the way in which, Montesquieu encourages his readers to Essay

Discuss the way in which, Montesquieu encourages his readers to identify with or distance themselves from the characters in the - Essay Example This literary style and the socio-political content of the novel as told by two foreign figures enabled its readers to identify with the characters at the same time feel separated from their stories and experiences. It also allowed Montesquieu to achieve his objective in writing the novel. Detachment The first prominent variable that affects the way readers perceive and interpret The Persian Letters is its form. As a collection of letters, which contain discourses and essays on diverse issues, it made the novel disconnected to the readers because the emotional involvement is stunted by the interrupted presentation. This is best explained by Theodore Braun who commented that the novel "moves along in an apparently unpredictable manner from letter to letter, from theme to theme, from interior plot to the exterior plot" making the readers fumble particularly in making sense or identifying the coherence of all the parts provided (Runyon 2005, 13). Readers can also feel the detachment whe n Montesquieu used Persian characters in his narrative. Their characterizations were depicted as alien for the original intended reading public. They are Persians and that their way of life and their perspectives on the French lifestyle represent a glaring difference that is easily identified and sympathized with by the readers. Montesquieu, wrote Hulliung (1976), substituted Persian travelers with psyches that are long written full by Eastern culture and that the interaction between the East and the West could lead to the threat on the Eastern language of despotism (117). By transplanting the two Oriental characters in Paris, there was a depiction of a striking polarity in culture and ideas. Say, when Montesquieu portrayed the Persians as exotic, with sufficient allusions to their cultural norms and their harem and so forth, the reader naturally sided with the West and/or the French society and that the two protagonists - including all that they stood for - came to constitute other ness, the unknown and the unidentifiable. There was an imposed detachment that came with the double plot of the novel. At one point, there was the criticism of the Parisian way of life. On the other hand, there was the Oriental storyline (e.g. the disorder in the protagonist's seraglio back home). This approach enabled Montesquieu to highlight his themes more effectively, more specifically the kind of skepticism and relativism that he obviously wanted to express about the important questions that characterized his time. Furthermore, the differences and the detachment that the author encouraged were necessary in order to explain his ideal social theory. This is when Montesquieu was able to successfully reject the European social theory and advocate the actual expression of human nature as the ultimate solution to the issues and problems that confronted his day (Rossides 1998, 72). Connection It is, however, important to underscore that even though The Persian Letters assumed a degree of disconnect from its readers, there are times when its characters - or the themes and issues they discussed and were involved in - came close to the readers’ hearts and own concerns. As a political allegory, the novel explored, examined and commented on themes and issues that are relevant to the times. For example, there is the issue about love, social institutions, gender equality, religion,

Management in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management in the 21st Century - Essay Example It is evident that this is after the interactions between the public, universities, students and the private employer organizations on the theme of employability. The principle of potentiality is now a comparative indicator for university performance. The principle is also used to compile university league tables as an obligatory dimension for the justification of higher education. This helps the HRM’s to have the ability to expand out of the organizational habitat into the wider social body.1 The enquiry into the HRM’s ethics is boosted as the expansion occurs due to dissemination of the system of ethical values to a new set of stakeholders. The ethical values are based on employment and the possibility of work as a fundamental part of the meaning of students’ whole personal lives. How the HRM handles the younger generations has revealed the dynamic formation of an ideal ethos of work in an environment the HRM is culturally free from its normal organizations and constrains. It is apparent that in the sphere of employability HRM is unrestricted by the formal context governing an employment contract. Jones says that there is need for the transformation of the category of ‘ethics’ into that of ‘ethos’ to investigate HRM’s ethical apparatus in this new domain.2 Employability discourses approach the relation between work and subjectivity very differently. The demands of mechanical uniformity cease to be replaced by new forms of address inciting the audience to a dynamic personal ethical engagement with work and self, instead of bureaucratic obedience to impersonal rules. The emphasis on individual potentiality leads to basic orientation towards work as an opportunity for self-perfection and self-realization. By understanding ethos as a dynamic principle then HRM’s ethics is no longer a matter of static systems of rules. It

TSA career Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TSA career - Research Paper Example work, how these security threats are handled, the level of training necessary for such a job, which licenses or certificates are required, the existence of continuing education, and the extent to which professional development organizations for such a career exist. Firstly, with respect to the type of threats that a practitioner of this profession might encounter, they can of course be concentric upon having the potential to directly serve in the front lines of the fight against terrorism. As such, but a few potential threats that a practitioner might encounter would be concentric upon discovering explosives, weaponry, dealing with dangerous individuals, and seeking to placate unruly and/or frustrated passengers that are aggravated by the delays and inconveniences caused by the necessity to painstakingly check all passengers and carryon luggage. With respect to how a person in such a line of work addresses such security threats, the answer to such a question segues nicely into the third question regarding what training is necessitated to become a TSA agent. In order to equip the applicants with the level of expertise they will need in order to perform the functions of their job, the TSA training regimen requires that all students graduate from a mandatory 1-2 weeks of classroom instruction as well as participate in between 2-3 weeks of OTJ training overseen by a supervisor (Airport Security Careers 2012). However, like many federal positions, training is not something that is merely given at the outset of the career; rather, it is ongoing and requires constant metrics to be met through continuing education. Similarly, certificates of completion of the training and continuing education are constantly tracked. However, before starting one’s career as a TSA agent, it is necessary for one to successfully complete a background examination and credit history verification to ensure that the applicant has their financial affairs in order and does not have any

Existence vs Essence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Existence vs Essence - Essay Example This is simply not true, and can be easily asserted by the fact that individuals can sit through the exact same traumatic event (for instance, a bank robbery) and come out of the experience with several varying stories—therefore, there cannot be a single definition. Likewise, I do not agree with the concept presented by environmentalism. Environmentalism suggests that the environment itself around an individual determines existence, which, to me, also cannot be true. Again, relativism proves this point invalid, because people again often can be a part of the same environment, or situation, and come out of the issues with a totally different story. Therefore, the concept of existentialism and existence will be examined here, with a focus on Sartre’s views. Relativism was mentioned above, and relativism seems to be a fact in existentialism. It helps to prove that we have a pre-given essence. However, existentialism does not argue that relativism is easy to understand. Thi s will lead us to his next assumption that it is psychologically distressing to affirm the value of an action which cannot be universalized. Sartre feels that that a concept should be universalized, or in other words, should be applicable to different people in a society having different point of views in their life. One of the reasons why I agree with the existentialist concept of existence is the fact that it allows room for relativism. It does not display relativism as necessarily a good thing, or an easy thing to understand. It does, however, admit to its existence and its profound impact on individuals (Guignon and Pereboom 35). Therefore, it admits and promotes the concept â€Å"essence of existence.† In universalizing certain actions, we should take into consideration existentialist claims about the existence of different beliefs, meaning many people are trying to relate themselves in the way that their society identifies them. Generally, society has a certain percepti on of an individual based on occupation, looks, or otherwise. People want to act and present themselves within this framework, but aren’t often able to do so. The inability to function within this framework can cause a dissociative type of feeling, but the importance of this feeling within our discussion here is the fact that this feeling helps to prove the fact that the person exists. If the person did not exist, then no feeling would be present. Again, we see that there is a pre-given essence to existence. Thus, the unsettling feelings present in existentialism help us prove the essence of existence o for individuals, in several instances. The concept of facticity also comes into play when speaking of the essence of existence, and the concept of a pre-given essence. This concept gives importance to the past scenarios of every situation and the present or the actual scenario itself. It has a conscious definition of the things that have happened in the past as well as the phy sical characteristics of the environment one is in. Therefore, we get the gist of the feeling of existence when we take a close look at this scenario. Basically, within facticity exists the past and the present, as well as the environment and the individual. Thus, because the individual experiences these different concepts of time, he or she must exist (Guignon and Pereboom 35). Another existentialist co

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Marxist perspective on Essay

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Marxist perspective on globalization - Essay Example The dominant group, which was identified as the producer, would depend on the proletariat for labour and manpower (Mann 1997). They, thus, would require the situation to remain as it is to ensure their power. Karl Marx believed that with economic power came social and political power. Looking at the world today, it is not difficult to see what he claimed. This paper will look at some of the strengths and weaknesses on his perspective on globalization. Philosophers and sceptics to Marxism may admit that some of Marx’s theories resonate with today’s world. In modern times, it has become a common occurrence for gigantic corporations to have a hand in most of what goes on around the world. There is the control of massive goods, products, and services through a few individuals who ensure that there is a continuous flow of labour (Schirato & Webb 2003). In doing so, the proletariat class ensures they survive. This is regardless of what they feel on what is going on around the m is not all fair. The strengths that show up in Karl Marx’s perspective on globalization offer an individual a concise image of what is happening today (Westra 2010). Strengths of the Marxist perspective on globalization One of the key aspects of globalization that Marx indicated was the positive trend that may benefit consumers. In the growth and development of markets, it is highly likely that the consumers may benefit from the production of more goods, services, and products. There will be an efficient way of allocating these products and goods to markets and consumers. This gets to prove that the individualistic driven market are getting higher up, and are present. It may be impossible to have national competitiveness if there is a regulation placed on the allocation of products in such markets (Scholte 1997). This is what Marx sought to claim during his time. However, it was only after his lifetime that individuals came to see what was happening. Karl Marx was a sceptic of globalization. He saw it as a means for the wealthy to get more powerful, while the poor remain poor. Nationalism and governments will remain the determining factors in every day and age. All these are controlled from the background by individuals who have a hand in the global market, which inadvertently controls the proletariat class. Competition allows capitalists to improve their products, make new products for consumers, and expand their bases. Countries that need their economies to grow must, therefore, compete with foreign markets and have a place in the expanding market (Ritzer 2009). Marx’s perspective indicated that lines along race will no longer be considered. Individuals will only be looked at as consumers that have the ability to pay for products. This is regardless of where they are, or who they are. Moreover, the Marxist perspective’s strength comes in the form of its ability to explain change and conflict in society. As seen earlier, for these indiv idualistic controlled markets to survive, it is imperative that they change their goods, products, and services to sustain their consumers’ urges. The proletariat class is responsible for the manpower and labour that enables the bourgeoisie class to have a hold on everything. If a shift occurred, there would be an unsettling balance that would indicate the dominant class is no longer in control. By maximising their control over the less dominant class, they have control over their

Swansea Dockland Heritage Society System Specification Coursework

Swansea Dockland Heritage Society System Specification - Coursework Example Lastly it can take advantage of the available internet technology that is constantly evolving. This system has basically automated the manual system and this is a complete change over for the organization. Automating registration and member activity has ensure that the system benefits the museum. The system stands to benefit the organization in two major ways. First, it broadens the scope of the organization and at the same time acts as an effective marketing tool for the organization. This places the organization directly to benefit from the expanded market view and hence a rise in the member subscription. The number of users who will subscribe to the service will eventually buy the book and non book objects. Another intangible benefit is the service that the organization can offer to the increased member subscription. It can start promotions where users can buy coupons and also organize group visits to the

Lead and manage people Essay Example for Free

Lead and manage people Essay I used to work at a fine dinning restaurant, the restaurant manager there was very good. He has very strong knowledge about how to manage people. He never being aggressive or uses any inappropriate language. He never asks someone to do the job that he doesnt know how to do. He shows people how to get the job done efficiently. No matter what kind of issues or problems that staff have, he always is willing to help. He gains respect from people not only about his position but also his knowledge, skill as well as his personality. Also he has a strong knowledge about all the wines and the food that we were serving. He made the perfect matching wine list for the menu that impresses everyone who worked or ate there. People enjoy working with him, as he give his knowledge to everyone, as a model to teach people a better way to do things and improve the way we usually do. His encouragements made our target easier to achieve. We worked like a family, people took care of each others. I used to work at a Thai restaurant, the mission statement was to bring the authentic Thai cuisine to life and let people enjoy. In order to achieve this mission statement, we need to cook as authentic Thai food as possible as well as let the guests to enjoy the cuisine that we bring overseas. I think the statement is effective for the company. Cuisine changes as it moves overseas. People travel overseas and know how the authentic local cuisine is. They cannot find it in Melbourne because cuisine shifts then the flavour changes. Imagine if there is only one restaurant can keep the real authentic taste that would be the selling point. Thats what this business wanted and they succussed. They do actually follow the statement. They hire the chefs from Thai to train and monitor other chefs, follow all the steps to make dishes in Thai way, import all the necessary ingredients only from Thai, keep in touch with the authentic Thai cuisine, and always ask well known Thai chefs to taste the fo od. I will discuss this change in both formal and informal communication ways, such as via email, staff notice board, through meeting, and face to face to talk about this change. The email and the notice board are just the tools that I want staff to know there is a change to be happening in 6 weeks. Let them to discuss themselves first, get themselves well prepare for the change, and also to establish some issues to discuss in the incoming meeting, like new color against the religion, discrimination, etc. The meeting process is to formally hand out the change and receive the feedback from staffs. It may require a bit editing or more work on to suit everyone. Last for the individual problem, I will have to discuss the problem in person and try to get a best outcome. I want to delegate the job of making sauce A to Jahn, as he is the new apprentice of the job. As well as sauce A is the dairy big job for this section. In 2 weeks time, Jahn should be able to make the sauce A without any supervision and within a very short period of time. But meanwhile, I need to guide through him all the information that he needs to make sauce A. Demonstration is necessary. When he is making sauce A, I will have to supervisor the whole process, just to make sure he follows correct procedures ensure he is able to make it by himself. Sauce A is a very complex job for anyone, therefore 2 weeks training is required. After 2weeks time, people should be able to make it without supervision. We can delegate the task but not the responsibility, therefore I still need to check the correct seasoning for sauce A from Jahn’s work, also the actual time he spends on making it. If I am not at work, then other chefs will supervisor his work as well, just to make sure he keeps his work consistence. Coaching is more than just pure training and it involves more of personal relationship over time and in many ways it is like mentoring. It makes better environment for the organisation from management to the workers together to build a better workplace in order to achieve a better result. As a chef de cuisine, I would evaluate each individual’s skill and put them in the right place, such as put someone on web design or programming if he/she is good at doing computer. Then consider the current situation to establish a plan for coaching. Well explain to members about the plan, make sure they  understand and make changes for any better leads. I will also demonstrate the task to members. I need to show members that I can complete the task better not just I can’t do it therefore I have to hand out for you guys. When there is a specific skill require for the cut, I will show them how to do it, and I am willing to help to teach them and develop their individual skill level. Teach them what is the best way to do things right here. To help them to multi-tasking from my past experience.I think I will be using ‘democratic’ and ‘Laissez-Faire’ style to coach people, they are more guider and helper kind of coaching style instead of being boss to ask around. As a learner, people is willing to learn from others especially from the one who is easy to talk to, image if your teacher is very grumpy, would you ask him/her any questions? I will ask open questions rather than close questions. It is also a good way to get the feedback from people according to their answers. The recognition and promotion are my motivation at the moment. As I just started a new chef job at a different restaurant, everything starts from fresh, humbly gaining knowledge from co-workers. I need to fit in the new working environment is the priority. Within a month period, the recognition from headchef or other chef is my motivation, learning new knowledge everyday at the same time improve myself. I can see myself is improving a better understanding of the food that I make, developing the better skill that as a chef should have, etc. Those factors create satisfaction for myself in order to achieve better position to the job as well as lead co-workers feel is good to have me on board. According to Herzberg’s motivation-Hygiene theory, they are leading to satisfaction. My motivation has changed over the past few years. When I first came to this country, I just needed a job to feed myself, therefore my motivation at that time was just money, and I didnt care about the quali ty of work environment or the skill that I could improve. Then I moved to another restaurant, also I had a fair amount of money to start with, so at that time a better working environment, better pay, better standard was my motivation. It is more like Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, different stage has vary needs, as well as the motivations. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs can also explain why younger people have different motivational goals than older people. At different age group,  people are tend to have very needs, those needs result different motivational goals. For example, at age 3 you may do what it takes to satisfy your parents in order to get a lollypop. But you wouldnt do the same when you are 20. Because the lollypop wouldnt be your motivational goal at all after you already had hundred of them.Assignment activity 7 Trust-Trust employees, headchef give new staff the opportunity to run the section him/herself. Fully delegate responsibilities to new staff without micromanaging the outcome. They feel being trusted, they will work well in a soften environment. If you always doubt the ability of employee, then they are not happy, how could they work for you. Support- Do not hide the information, give employees the information they need to get the job done. Management should make itself open for the talk regards to the employee manner or dairy issues. As well as welling to help employees to solve the problems that they are facing. Employees feel loved, then they can provide a better outcome to work for you. Facilitation- Provide a happy environment for employees to work with in order to maximize the outcome. No, I dont think so. One of the previous restaurant that I worked, it doesnt have a well communication system. When we say communication, it means two ways, the message from the sender to the receiver, then the feedback from the receiver back to the sender. At that place we have staff notice board and staff communication board. But they are only use to post from the top management only. No staff feedback is needed. It doesnt work as it is only a one way communication tool, it is really hard for management to know if staff understand or award of the new ideas and so on. Within hospitality industry, two ways communication is important, well understand the message and the feedback is essential as they can improve the quality of work or service. Therefore, they should provide the feedback form for staff to fill up, management should really go down and understand what staffs really want. Email out the ideas then get the reply direct from staff may be a good way to start with. The manager at the last place that I used to work, I reckon he uses both paternalistic and democratic management styles. He understands each one of workers within the company and he talks to each one of them like family, therefore everyone calls him ‘brother’. As a ‘brother’, he takes care of each of us and releases the pressure from both workers’ family and work. He listens to people, and talks to people very gently, never use any offensive language. When there are some decisions need to be made, he always listens to all the workers’ need and try to minimize the issues would cause. Those styles were effective for him. He is happy to delegate tasks to colleagues, gaining more power by earning people’s respect. I personal believe he is a good manager as after he took over the place, the revenue was increase and less staff turnover, everyone works together like in a family.

Relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and bullying

Relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and bullying My aim for this current study was to investigate whether there was a relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and bullying. In my opinion I think someone who has an extraversion and neuroticism personality that gets bullied will have an opposite side at the end of it. These are the two hypotheses for this  report, if there will be a relationship between extraversion scores and self reported  frequency of bullying in the last five years. And also, if there will be a relationship between neuroticism  scores and self reported frequency of bullying in the last five years. The experimenter wanted to find out if there is a relationship between extraversion and neuroticism and bullying in the last five years. The results have shown there was no connection; the importance of the work was to find out whether there was any relationship between the three variables. Next time of the experimenter should investigate again they should do it less than five years, they might be a better results. Introduction There are many researchers that have looked at the subject bullying that can link to their personalities. Personality is made up the characteristic patterns of feelings, thoughts and behaviour. This makes the person a unique person. Personality occurs from within the persons and remains fairly consistent throughout life. There are a number of different theories that have emerged to explain different aspects of personality. Some are focused on explaining how personality develops while others are concerned with the person in personality. There are major theories of personality projected by different psychologist such as Eysencks Three Dimensions of Personality, Gordon Allports Trait Theory, and the Five-Factor Theory of Personality. Eysencks Three Dimensions of Personality, his theory was biased on the three universal traits; introversion/extraversion, introversion includes attention on inner experiences while extraversion relates to attention outer on other people and the environment. When a person is high in introversion might be quit, shy and reserved while a person in high extraversion might be social able and outgoing. Neuroticism /Emotional Stability, this dimension of Eysencks theory is related to people who are moodiness, aggressive towards people. Neuroticism refers to an individual trend to become more upset and emotional while stability refers to the trend to remain emotionally stable. And psychoticism, Eysenck added this personality at the end to this trait theory. People who are high in this trait tend to have differently dealing with reality and may be hostile and manipulative. Lewis Goldberg projected a five dimension personality model, this is also known as the Big Five. His five personalities are Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. The big five is an important dimension of personality. Some personality researchers disagree that this list of major traits is the end. They have found two additional factors, excellent/ordinary and evil/decent but they are still not sure yet. Its a comprehensive, data driven research finding. It identifies the traits and structure of the humans personality this has been one of the goals in all of psychology. This personality typology has some phase of a trait theory. It explains peoples behaviour in terms of opposite fixed character. Bullying is a serious offence that anyone can make. This mostly happens is schools, workplaces, and on the streets. Some ways of bullying is by calling them names, not talking to them, hitting and kicking them, taking or damaging their things, etc. People that bully is to get attention or to make people afraid of them, others might be jealous of the person they are bullying because they might have been bullied themselves. Bullying can cause a serious side affect, it can changes someones personality and behaviour. It can make young people feel lonely, unhappy and frightened; they lose confidence and make them sick. There are three variables that are linked together which are extraversion, neuroticism and bullying. There are two types of personalities that people who are bullied are likely to be, which are extraversion and neuroticism. Extraversion is people who are loud, talkative, fun-loving and sociable. They take more part in activities that involve large social gathering such as community activities, parties, public demonstrations etc. An extroverted person is likely to enjoy time with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They tend to be eager around other people, and they are more prone to boredom when they are by themselves. As soon as they get bullied they are most likely to become quite, passive and introverted and they will have low self esteem. Those who are neuroticism has a personality trait, individuals who score high on neuroticism are more likely than the average to experience such feelings as anger, guilt, moody, depressed. They react more badly to environmental stre ss, and are more likely to take ordinary situations as threatening and minor frustration as hopelessly difficult. Neuroticism is related with low emotional intelligence which involves emotional system and interpersonal skills. But its a risk factor for mental disorder such as depression, panic attacks and phobia. Methods Participate There will be 119 psychology level one university students who participated in this experiment. There will be 89 females and 23 males voluntary participates that will be involved. The mean age of the participates is 21 years old. The standard deviation is 6.381 and the age range of the participates is 18-27 years old. Design A correlational design was used. Its a measuring between two variables which are extraversion and neuroticism. Where going to find out if the correlation is going to be negative or positive. Material/Apparatus There will be questionnaires given out to the students on an A4 paper. Procedure Participates be present at an experimental session were given full instructions about their task. The experimenter gave the questionnaires out to the individuals; it took them 20 minutes to fill in the answers. After they filled in the answers they gave it back to the experimenter. Participants were reminded of what to do before being presented with the word lists. BPS codes of ethics have to be proceeded at all times to hide the personal information. The BPS codes of ethics for this experiment is privacy, they need to keep the questionnaires data private and confidential. Results The relationship I found between extraversion scores and self reported frequency of bullying in the last five years had no correlation. It was found that the relationship between bullying for extraversion was not significantly correlational (R=127, p= 0.16, n= 119). Also the relationship I found between neuroticism scores and self reported frequency of bullying in the last five years. The results for neuroticism was shown it had no positive correlation (R= 0.14, p= 0.12, n= 119). The data collected showed no relationship between extraversion and bullying, or neuroticism and bullying in the last five years. Discussion The relationship between extraversion, neuroticism and bullying is a topic in psychology. It was hypothesised that participates who were bullied might have been extraversion people or neuroticism people. The results that were collected from this experiment didnt show any correlation and didnt support the hypothesis. The hypothesis was rejected in my opinion because there was no correlation found between the 3 variable this might be due to many reasons, such as the source of material for example the questionnaires, it might of not been accurate that reflected the individuals personality. Also, the participates may not have been honest, they would have got bored and just ticked any box. As Eysenck looked into the interaction of the two personalities and what they meant in the regard to various psychological problems. For example that people with phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder be likely to be quite introverted, whereas people with conversion disorders or dissociative disorders tend to be more extraverted. Highly neuroticistic people over-respond to fearful stimuli; If they are introverts, they will learn to avoid the situations that cause panic very quickly and very thoroughly, even to the point of becoming panicky at small symbols of those situations they will develop phobias. Other introverts will learn (quickly and thoroughly) particular behaviours that hold off their panic such as checking things many times over or washing their hands again and again. The advantages for this report was there was quite a lot of volunteers taking part in the questionnaires, no one got offended with the questions that were given, and also there was no problem finding information about the theories as they were lots of information that was found. The disadvantages for this report was, it took time looking for the information what I needed. There wasnt much to explain about the results. In the future the areas that I would need to work on is, to find more resources such as journals. The experimenter should have chosen volunteers from other courses as well to prove that bullying can concern from everywhere. Reference section Matthew. G (2003), Personality Traits, University of Cambridge Press, 3-75 G.Neil Martin, Neil. R. Carlson, Willam Buskist, 2010

Impact of the Alliance of Maersk and Msc on Freight Rates

Impact of the Alliance of Maersk and Msc on Freight Rates Analysis of the impact of the alliance of Maersk and MSC on freight rates on the Asia-Europe route Yixiang Zhang Content Abstract  (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Market share and structure of container shipping market 3. Alliance of Maersk and MSC 4. Impact of freight rate by 2M 5. Conclusions References Abstract The economic crisis took place in 2008 resulting in a great depression in shipping market. The demand in container shipping market declined rapidly and the overcapacity made the freight rate much lower which may not compensate the operation cost of the shipping companies. The three biggest shipping alliances(CKYH Alliance, Grand Alliance and CKYH Alliance) took series of solutions such as decrease of the capacity and in number of services routes to reduce the loss in their best effort. In this recession circumstances, ML(Maersk Line) and MSC(Mediterranean Shipping Company) which were known as 2M formed co-operation agreement on VSA(Vessel Sharing Agreements) on Asia-Europe route and this agreement last for 10 years. ML will devote 1200,000 TEU which counts for 55 percents of its overall capacity in the alliance and MSC is going to devote 900,000 TEU which counts for 45 percents of its overall capacity. Through the co-operation, 2M intended to promote the efficiency of operation and p rovided reliable shipping services to consumers on a lower price by sharing shipping network, infrastructural equipment and provide more straight service lines and the number of ports of call. In this way, other medium or small shipping companies who cannot achieve the economics of scale or better quality services as 2M managed to do will become uncompetitive and then have to exit the market when there is overcapacity in the shipping market. In this strategy, 2M will gain much more market share and consumer loyalty to make more profit although there is monopoly restriction. 1. Introduction With the rapid development of the international economy, the amount of export and import grew fast in the past few years. Shipping companies play essential role in the worldwide trade by providing satisfactory services to consumers. Shipping companies attempt to be more competitive than the others and reduce the risk which is considered high in maritime transportation by co-operate with each other or form an alliance. The ocean shipping industry is among the first to apply alliance to make their profit. Before the demotion of the conference system in 1998 (Shashi Kumar, 1999), maritime transportation market can be regarded as monopoly because the operation of a shipping company is at high risk and governments want to induce more firms involve in maritime transportation. However, with technology improvement and fast growing of shipping industry, the exemption from anti-trust rules was issued by the EU in 2008. Shipping companies have to set up new kinds of alliances to gain advantage and share risk in this dynamic market (Fusillo,2006). It is obvious that in present shipping alliances vessel sharing agreements and slot sharing agreements are widely used. The vessel sharing agreements or â€Å"VSA† can make container companies co-operate with each other to share their space on their container ships to acquire higher capacity to fight their lower capacities in certain trade lanes. The agreements allow for the shipping lines to keep freight costs lower since they do not need to account for empty spaces on their ships (source: http://www.containerquote.com/vessel-sharing-agreement). Slot sharing agreement require a fixed percentage of vessel capacity to be exchanged between the carriers over a given time period. This type of arrangement may be beneficial when two patner companies have vessels deployed on the same route with different departure time schedules (Panayides Wiedmer, 2011). Shipping alliances become a trend especially during the recession when the advantages that alliances can bring to us are clear. Even the top two large liner companies ML and MSC who used to act as â€Å"soloists† also choose to co-operate with each other, which can be regarded as a great move in shipping industry because together they count for nearly 30 percents of the whole market share. The paper aims at analyzing the impact of the alliance of Maersk and MSC on freight rates on the Asia-Europe route step by step as below, Section 2 will give a description of the whole shipping market. Section 3 focuses on ML and MSC alliances about the strategies they use. Section 4 will discuss about how the strategies 2M use will influence the freight rate. 2. Market share and structure of container shipping market This section shows who are the main players in the game and what are the connections between them. Table 1 illustrates the characteristics of top 20 shipping companies including total capacity, vessels operated in the market and actual market share. Table 1 Container fleet characteristics of Top 20 liner shipping companies Operator TEU Ships MS Operator TEU Ships MS 1 ML 2078507 556 15% 11 MOL 383042 99 2.5% 2 MSC 1683723 421 13.3% 12 NYK 365304 95 3% 3 CMA CGM 1096622 384 7.6% 13 OOCL 347988 77 2.4% 4 APL 591306 148 4% 14 Hambrg.sud 336811 108 2.3% 5 Hapag-Lloyd 582520 133 3.4% 15 K Line 324441 80 2.5% 6 Evergreen 567636 156 4.1% 16 Zim 322989 97 2.2% 7 COSCO 512060 134 3.3% 17 Yang Ming 315798 77 2.3% 8 CSAV 502619 135 2.4% 18 Hyundai M.M. 279446 54 2% 9 Hanjin 461087 100 3.2% 19 PIL 231941 127 1.4% 10 CSCL 455328 127 3.3% 20 UASC 206940 52 1.4% Source: Alphaliner.com, as of 28/06/2010 It is clear that ML together with MSC count up for 28.3% market share which is less than the monopoly restriction 30%. New World Alliance whose main partners are APL, MOL and HMM counts for 8.5% market share. Grand Alliance whose main members are NYK, Hapag-Lloyd and OOCL counts for 8.8% market share. CKYH whose main partners are Hanjin, Yang Ming, K Line and COSCO counts for 11.3% market share. In this way, there are four cartels whose market share counts up to 75.6%, which indicates the fact that the container shipping market on the Asia-Europe route is oligopoly. As a result, a decision made by any of these four alliances could bring an enormous influence to the others. That is also the reason why I would like to discuss about the impact on freight rate by 2M, because they have the market power to influence others. 3. Alliance of Maersk and MSC From the above analysis of container shipping market, it is clear to tell that ML and MSC have the top 2 capacity on Asia-Europe route. However, when focusing on the efficiency that both of them perform, the situation changed somehow. Table 2 presents the market share based on the vessels operated in the market. Table 2 Market share in different regions based on number of vessels operated Geo AF ANZ AS CA FE ME MiE ML 26.5% 20.1% 3.5% 19.5% 12.9% 22.3% 18.2% MSC 12.7% 15.4% 5.8% 17.1% 8% 20.7% 23.1% GEO NA NE SA TOTAL MS Delta ML 16.1% 15.4% 13.1% 15.6% 15% 0.57% MSC 11.9% 20.6% 14.1% 13.3% 10.9% 2.39% Abbreviations: AF Africa; ANZ Australia, New Zealand, South Pacific; AS Asia; CA Central America; FE Far East; ME Mediterranean; MiE Middle East; NA North America; NE North Europe; SA South America; MS Market Share; DELTA difference between company’s share of world-fleet minus actual market share. Source: Alphaliner.com, as of 28/06/2010 Depending on Tabke2, it is clear that Delta of both ML and MSC is positive which indicates that their shares of vessels operated in the market are both higher than their actual market share. This phenomenon can be explained in this way. Suppose all the other shipping companies except for ML have their vessels loaded up to 80% on average and ML only can load their ships around 60%, ML need to devote more vessels into the market to keep the same market share with other companies. In this way, it can be inferred that both ML and MSC have not fully taken advantages of their ships in the market. They have to find a way to promote their efficiency of their carriers. From the analysis above, it should be clearly explained that the motivation of ML and MSC the Top 2 giants in the shipping market to become alliance. Shipping alliance indeed brings series of advantages to both of them. The most important agreement between ML and MSC is vessel sharing agreements known as â€Å"VSA† which means that the collaborating companies work together to fulfill demand and also try to fully load their ships. Actually once â€Å"VSA† performing well, ML and MSC could devote some of their ships on another route because fewer ships can fulfill the demand due to the high utilization of container ships. In this way, the operation cost of vessels in the market can be reduced. 4. Impact of freight rate by 2M As discussed above, vessel sharing agreements enable ML and MSC largely promote their ships utilization to reduce the operation cost. It can be imagined that the total cost to provide satisfactory services as before becomes a little bit lower after 2M established. From author’s aspect, 2M can take advantages in two different ways as below: First strategy is to remain the same price as before but provide better services to their consumers. In this way, 2M could gain more consumer loyalty and attract more consumers to accept their services. However, in author’s opinion, other alliances such as New World, Grand Alliance and CKYH will not stay at where they are and do nothing. They may choose to reduce freight rate to attract consumers in order to not lose market share. Somehow to what extent they decide to cut freight rate depends on how well 2M performs and also the loss they are able to bear. Second strategy is to lower the freight rate but remain the same services quality as before. In this way, 2M can attract more consumers with their low price of freight rate. It is illustrated about how it works as below Figure 1. Figure 1 It can be easily inferred that when 2M choose to low their price, their initial supply curve S1 will shift right to S2 and D1 stays the same if no strong fluctuation occurs. So the quantity which can be seen as the number of consumers who choose 2M service increases from Q1 to Q2. In this way, 2M will get more market share to make much more profit when the global economy recovers from the crisis. Furthermore, the second strategy also has large influence on other shipping companies on Asia- Europe route. It will result in the shutting down of some shipping companies on Asia-Europe route whose average variable cost is lower than the freight rate 2M set. In the short run, the shipping companies’ supply curve is their marginal cost curve. If the freight rate is below P1, they have to shut down because the revenue they make cannot compensate their cost which means they are losing money all the time. In this way, 2M will gain this share of market by lower the freight rate. The way it works is illustrated in Figure 2. Figure 2 The second strategy can also force some companies not only shut down but also exit the market in the long run aspect. The way it works is illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3 From the figure above, if 2M reduce the price below P1, shipping companies whose average total cost is higher than P1 will exit market because they will never take back their initial investment if freight rate continues to stay low. 5. Conclusions As the alliance between ML and MSC has been taken into practice, vessel sharing agreement is vital to improve their service quality and the efficiency of ships operation. So with vessels utilization optimized, together with the economies of scale, 2M is able to reduce their operation cost in a large extent because there is indeed a big gap to be improved which is explained in the analysis of difference of actual market share and total capacity. It has to be clear that high efficiency operation of ships as well as the strategies 2M may use can be regarded as a way of increasing supply in the market, which in turn will make the fright rate on Asia-Europe route drops. References Photis, M.P. Robert, W. (2011). Strategic alliances in container liner shipping. Research in Transportation Economics 32 (2011) 25-38. Shashi Kumar, N. (1999). The US OSRA of 1998: an analysis of its economic impact on carriers, shippers and third parties. In proceedings of the IAME 1999 Halifax conference (pp. 7-29). Halifax, Canada: Centre for International Business Studies, Dalhousie University. Fusillo, M. (2006). Some notes on structure and stability in liner shipping. Maritime Policy Management, 33(5), 463-475.

Marlows Transformation in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay

Marlow's Transformation in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness After returning from a voyage in the Congo of Africa, Joseph Conrad said "Before the Congo I was a mere animal," and implied that only a select few of the rest of society have risen above the animal state. Conrad had a bout with malaria, and while recovering went through radical changes in thinking. He began to despise his fellow Belgians, and for a time he was furious with them for their very existence. Leonard Dean's collection of Conrad's letters show the writer's scorn of regular society after his journey: "Everything is repellent to me here. Men and things, but especially men...all have a gift for getting on my nerves." (103) Conrad eventually accepted himself as one of these people, and began to work on Heart of Darkness, a cathartic novel based on his journal written in the Congo. He wrote about Marlow, who will take a journey into the Congo and into his own soul, in an attempt to discuss the evil he experienced in Africa. Conrad presents a situation that he and Marlow both know, and that the average listener can't comprehend. Conrad was appalled and shaken by what he saw being practiced in the Congo, and by his statement cements his belief that a man cannot truly understand, sympathize, or feel anything significant on the emotional level unless he has also experienced the dark and the diseased side of himself. Everything up to that point is only scratching the surface of human nature. A human being needs suffering and experience with depravity before he is able to appreciate and embrace what is good in himself. He is only an animal up until that point. Marlow goes to Africa on a quest, though he isn't aware of it. Jerome Thale compared Marl... .../DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v407/n6800/full/407025a0_fs.html Evans, Robert O., "Conrad's Underworld". Cambridge: Purdue Research Foundation, 1956. Guerard, Albert J., "The Journey Within", 1958. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Hewitt, Douglas, "Reassessment of Heart of Darkness". Cambridge: Bowes & Bowes Publishers Ltd., 1952. Modern Fiction Studies, IX, No. 4 Winter '63-64. Cambridge: Purdue Research Foundation Reid, Stephen A., "The 'Unspeakable Rites in Heart of Darkness," Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, "What I Learned in the Gulag." Excerpted and abridged from The Gulag Archipelago http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/4942/gulag.html Telgen, Diane, Novels for Students. 2 vols. Detroit: Gale Researcher, 1997. Thale, Jerome, "Marlow's Quest," 1955. Toronto: University of Toronto Quarterly, XXIV July.

Human Life And World Essay -- Philosophy Emotions Papers

Human Life And World I dispute the claim that the disclosure of the life-world by phenomenology is an accomplishment of 'permanent' significance. By briefly reviewing the meaning of the "world" and "life-world" in the writings of Husserl, Gurwitsch, Schutz-Luckmann, Ortega, Heidegger, Jonas, Straus, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, I show that they all treat the world, or rather the affairs which comprise it, as passively present whether viewed as a mental acquisition or as the "Other." But the meaning of the world-as that wherein are met physical demands upon us which must be satisfied if we are to continue living-cannot be considered either as a mental acquisition or as something that is "other" and over against us. A living being as living cannot fail to attend to the agency of the affairs of which the life-world consists, as well as one's own exploring and coping actions. If we are to really speak of life, then we must acknowledge the mutual and reciprocal activities of living beings and world. Gurwitsch has written that "the disclosure of the life-world [by phenomenology is] an accomplishment of permanent significance." (1974, 12) But is such a claim justifiable? I believe it is not. I shall briefly examine first the way transcendental and then existential phenomenologists understand the meaning of "world" or "life-world" and how the "world" is to be experienced as such, and I shall critique the views of each in turn. The appropriate philosopher with which to begin an examination of any major phenomenological theme is most certainly Husserl. We as objects and subjects find ourselves in our conscious activities in a pre-given world existing for all in common according to Husserl. This world, always already there, is the univ... ...ng beings and world. References Dewey, John, Reconstruction in Philosophy, Boston, 1957. Dubos, Rene, The Torch of Life, New York, 1962. Gurwitsch, Aron, Studies in Phenomenology and Psychology, Evanston, 1966. Gurwitsch, Aron, Phenomenology and the Theory of Science, Evanston, 1974. Husserl, Edmund, Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, Evanston, 1970. Jonas, Hans, The Phenomenon of Life, New York, 1966. Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, Phenomenology of Perception, London, 1962. Ortega y Gasset, Jose, Phenomenology and Art, New York, 1975. Schutz, Alfred, and Luckmann, Thomas, Structures of the Life-World, 2 vols., Evanston, 1973 and 1989. Shotter, John, Social Accountability and Selfhood, Oxford, 1984. Straus, Erwin, "Aesthesiology and Hallucinations," in Existence, ed. by May, Angel, Ellenberger, New York, 1958.

Ppt of Indian Retailing

Indian online stores getting hooked to e-community culture   [pic]More often than not, it's being argued that online shopping is convenient but yet an isolated activity. This format of easy-to-order-easy-to-deliver has been catching up with the tech-savvy buyers but it has always been looked upon as option out of necessity and not pleasure. In order to break this monotony, the concept of e-socializing was introduced to the online buying experience. Apart from a few established online stores, most of new entrants and the upcoming e-retail ventures are banking heavily on the rising popularity of social networking within the online shopping domain. There are a number of major international e-stores who initiated the coupling of online shopping with social networking. Online giants like e-bay started their buyers' â€Å"Community† which was then followed by arch-rival Amazon's popular â€Å"Daily Blog† section. The e-community trend has now moved-in to the Indian shopping terrain as well. Most of the upcoming Indian online stores and the Indian counterparts of the already established inter-nation e-retail brands are reaping in the benefits of shoppers' community and the latest Web 2. 0 technology to create a loyal consumer base out of their readily generated user traffic on the sites. Some of the popular community-based Indian shopping portals for your reference include: – ebay India: The global retail giant's Indian venture has a shoppers' community dedicated to registered users willing to chat, discuss, ask questions, leave messages and even leave feedback for the portal. Retailsdirect: This site is arguable India's first interactive store ever. If you have anything to share, discuss, ask or answer on any issue/subject including shopping, this site has it. It also has video conferencing, (or Video-Voice Text-Chat facility, as they term it) and is based on Web 2. 0 technology. – Hindustanlink: A site where you can do a lot more than shopping, including activities like Forum discussions, Blogging and Questions-Answers section as well. All in all, Indian shopping portals need to take a leaf out of their international counterparts' online strategies. After the emergence and expansion of global shopping portals like eBay, Kaboodle, Zebo etc. , there many e-stores of Indian origin which need to incorporate the concept of social networking to add that ‘zing' lacking in them. Until then, the aforesaid e-stores are there to bring in your friends and favorite brands while you choose to laze around at home!!! (no offense intended) Why not to shop at the malls again!! Before I start off with this lens, I would like to ask you as to when was the last time you went shopping to your nearest shopping mall? A week ago, a month back, and some would probably say that they have these virtual stores to shop for them and deliver goods like a trained pet, right? Hence, the question arises that with so much that an online store has to offer, do we really need shopping malls at all? As the famous saying goes, â€Å"There is nothing permanent in this world except change†, it can be easily applied to the ever-changing trends in the retail industry. The whole ‘sale and purchase' idea got a new meaning with the advent of online version of shopping. Today, it would not be advisable for any educated online shopper to hop back to shopping at the malls. The big players in the online retail scene in India are trying every trick in their bags to convert online users into traffic and then converting it into visitors, then into buyers and finally, into a loyal consumer base. For this, the focus has shifted from merely providing products online to social communities and special offers which can only be availed at these virtual stores. With the prospects of becoming a long-term successful industry, major e-stores like Indiamart, Futurebazaar, Retailsdirect and Indiaplaza are relying heavily on the online retail boom. They are leaving no stone unturned in accelerating the conversion rate of its user traffic. The most bankable factor for drawing in consumers from the offline domain is the ‘convenience' factor of online shopping. The most effective strategies of the major Indian e-stores are as follows: – Indiamart: It is a common platform for the online buyers and sellers, i. e. , a B2B marketplace. Highlights – Upcoming trade shows, divergent industry updates, international trade leads, tender notice via emails etc. – Futurebazaar: The finest brands online, user-friendly and simple design. Highlights – Clearance sales, buying in bulk offers – Retailsdirect: India's first interactive store with a Video-Voice-Text-Chat facility. Highlights- Group Bargains (Savings of upto 33% on products by creating groups to bargain), Cafe Retail (Earn redeemable RD coins, upload videos and photos) – Indiaplaza: US based shopping portal meant for trading and shipping to India and worldwide. Highlights – Airtel gift certificates, Gifts to India. The above strategies are a clear indication that the trend of online shopping is not merely restricted to the selection and buying process. One can use the wide reach and accessibility of the internet and various social media tools to develop interest and loyalty among the customers. So the next time you feel like shopping, chuck out shopping at the over-crowded malls and rather catch up with friends online and relax while you shop for your favourite products. Why are Indians apprehensive to online shopping? [pic]The Internet provides a progressive dimension to most of the industries on global platform. The retail industry has also benefited from its online version which has resulted in the growth and expansion of the sector worldwide. In India, e-commerce has been on a slow track in comparison to other parts of the world. There has been a visible growth in the e-retail sector yet the industry is being seen in its incipient stage. Earlier, the reasons cited for the weak response towards online shopping was blamed on the lack of Internet facilities and inadequate online transaction facilities available in the market. Since then, there has been technological boom in India. Now, the Internet is easily accessible to urban India and even rural pockets are getting Internet accessibility at select places. Growth in the credit card industry and other online transaction methods has also been a boon for e-shopping. Despite the recent developments, response to online trading and transaction has been feeble in this part of the world. Some of the reasons which potentially work against the industry in India include: – Bargaining is not possible – Product trial is generally unavailable – Insecurity surrounding the credibility of a shopping portal – Delays in product delivery – Lack in the variety of products – Social networking is restricted – Preference to real-time shopping for get-togethers The above mentioned reasons clearly indicate that apart from online activities like travel ticket booking and online broking, e-commerce still has a long way to go before earning the faith of the consumers. More innovative and tangible options are still awaited before the shopaholic appetite of the quintessential Indian is satisfied by these virtual stores. What is Your Brand Personality? [pic]How would you differentiate Nike's ‘Just do it' from Reebok's ‘I am what I am'? Both sell the same products, at almost the same prices and hold the same target audience. Still Nike's ‘Sweat and Beauty' sells more than Reebok's ‘We know you suck'. Needless to say that in such markets people don't turn to these brands for their offerings but because of the attitude these brands represent. These brands no longer offer mere products now, they are living experiences and identities in the minds of the consumers. Consumers now view these brands as a ‘living entity' – an entity that speaks its mind, reflects its attitude and acts as an aide in acknowledging their eccentricities and whims. That is what we call- BRAND PERSONALITY! The catch for this new generation of consumers is ‘ Be their friend'. The clutter and pressures of today's lifestyle has left the consumer flustered and beclouded. Loneliness is another hazard. However, the good news is people cling on to where they find value and stay where they find comfort. Therefore without infusing a feeling of security, accountability and ‘liking' in the mind of the consumer, brand loyalties are difficult to achieve. How to render a personality to your online brand WHAT IS YOUR GOAL? If your goal is to generate sales through your venture then the first step will be to initiate an exhaustive research about your domestic as well the world market, determine SEO strategies, optimize shopping cart and navigation functionalities along with other e-paths. IS YOUR HOMEPAGE YOUR CONSUMER'S HOME? Your homepage is your first interface with the visitor. Ensure that it makes him to stick to it by giving him what he wants, there itself. Banners displaying your core product or benefits for your consumer will act as a bait to hook him into reading more about it. Colorful pictures, layouts, interactive templates follow suit. THE HUMAN TOUCH! The most important element in building a brand, online as well as offline is ‘trust'. The more real your conversations are with your consumers, the more accountable your business becomes in their mind. Internet is still in its nascence as far as this interactivity is concerned. If feasible, allow your consumers to raise requests and receive relevant suggestions based on those requests. HIT THE BULL'S EYE IN THE FIRST GO! Your site content should be presented to your customers almost immediately. Content segregation in the form of bullets points, captions and brief paragraphs work best. Most importantly, visual presentations of messages are very helpful in creating an impression in the mind of the consumers. CREATING HYPE – A BIG NO, NO! Internet provides you with a flood of information in a no-pressure environment, with reigns solely in the hands of the users. Therefore traditional monotones of creating hype lose their credibility in this medium, where consumer behavior is regulated by product/price comparisons, variety and features. As mentioned above, people associate a brand with the experience it gives to its customers. In e-commerce environment, there is no space or time for frustration. Information should be easily digested. Ordering should be quick and smooth and loading time almost instantaneous. The idea is to catch the whim of the consumer and make him feel ‘special' and ‘cared for'. That's when a brand attains its own personality and becomes the consumer's friend. The rise and rise of Online Retail! The globe is finally at your fingertips. Human numbers may be expanding by the second but distances have finally shrunk. Investing money is a tradition. Investing time is the newest wrinkle. People don't mind spending the almighty rupiyah for a pair of Levi's Red Loop jeans if buying the same from an online store takes just a few minutes. Else driving an hour to reach the high street to buy it seems nothing less than a sluggish idea. Time and time alone stands as the new age currency today. And taking this as an opportune pedestal to climb higher, entrepreneurs have finally entered the new arena of Online Retail. Say, you had already seen your favourite digital camera at a store in a mall. What say if you found the same product at a much better price in the comfort of your home- on the web, at half the time you spent shopping offline Well, the web is serving all this and more to its online customers. According to the NASSCOM Report, India expects a massive mass of internet users. Even the big brands have already found their space on web. Whether it is the Luxury Retail, Kids Retail, Mobile Telephony or other Consumer Electronics, the high street e-stores are on a roll. The challenge however is to engage that portion of the mob, which visit the sites but go away without spending any bucks. The reason? Their distrust. This section of online turf is not comfortable transacting on the net because of their fear of e-stores mishandling their precious information. This population is almost half of the total online populace. If online retail portals begin to instill a security factor in the minds of their consumer base, half their battles will be won! expresss your opinion [pic]Do click on the responses given below if you feel like. I would be regularly updating this section with quesitons relating to the retail industry. Feel free to join in. %3A3%3A%7Bs%3A7%3A%22options%22%3Bs%3A180%3A%22393dcaee6fc694e9b6e51f5bc54f3db2%2CVery+safe%2C809c2f553e8895d1e46574138b647172%2Csomewhat+safe%2C9fdcbf05e56c00880a7fb03198847036%2Care+you+kidding+me%3F+whoever+said+online+shopping+was+safe%22%3Bs%3A6%3A%22period%22%3Bs%3A2%3A%2260%22%3Bs%3A8%3A%22question%22%3Bs%3A69%3A%22How+secure+to+you+think+is+the+online+retail+industry+for+a+consumer%3F%22%3B%7D How secure to you think is the onli ne retail industry for a consumer? Very safe 38. 5% [pic] somewhat safe 61. 5% [pic] are you kidding me? whoever said online shopping was safe 0%

Predestination and Freewill Essay

foreordination does non interrupt throw in the towel exit. Actu eithery the devil go hand in hand. Our idol is such a loving divinity fudge that through his perceive ordain he gave us drop by the wayside testament. divinity did non predestine whatsoeverone to repurchase or eternal eternal damnation. He has the Divine precognition of who will depart a righteous life and who will follow the means to damnation. Knowing this, He gave us the pickax to select our path in life, therefore, placing our buyback in the decisions that we conduct end-to-end our lives. rescuerians believe16 For paragon so loved the world that he gave his one and simply Son, that whoever believes in him shall non perish but have consummate(a) life.1 This is wherefore we be called Christians delinquent to Christ. graven image gave the ultimate sacrifice so that mankind can learn his take destination. . In my opinion, Christians of, all lot, should believe that apologize will and fore greetledge be not separates entities. The first question that one should learn is what is foreknowledge? Predestination to whatsoever is the flavor that deity, who has sovereignty over all creation, uses His divine fore tell apartledge to predestine some humans to receive everlasting salvation and some to stomach an eternity of damnation. In comparison, the Christian belief is that theology does have foreknowledge but does not use this knowledge to save or condemn god does not predestine.Therefore, the next question should be how does matinee idol determine who goes to heaven and who goes to funny fweapon system? Well the one true(p) Christian effect is that no one, not so far the elect, gets into heaven with unwrap Christ. So does Christ choose you or do you choose Christ? A Christian must know Christ prior to choosing Him. There are two categories of theologians that argue how we come in contact with Christ, the monogistic and synergistic inspect. The ledger verse line Isaiah 531 Who has believed our message and to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?2 can be used as an example. The monogistic view is that idol reached out his arm to save the people that he foreknowingly knew would choose Christ and ordain them to have ageless salvation. This view of salvation removes humankinds commit of free will. The other part of humanity, however, would be leave to receive eternal suffering. The synergistic view is that theology offers His hand out to the true believer to save them and in go on they have the free will to choose it, accept Christ and receive eternal salvation. The monogistic position defines predestination.Thecontroversy of predestination started with St Augustines interpretation of Apostle capital of Minnesotas bible verse Romans 829 29 For those god foreknew he in like manner predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he power be the firstborn among many brothers and sisters.3 True Christians inte rpret this verse accept that when Paul speaks of foreknew, he is referring to Gods divine foreknowledge of sight. Christians believe that God is able to look through the windows of period and foresee those who will use the free will given to walk with him throughout their life. He did not predestine, as in verb form, but he has always cognise the path of our destination, pre mankind. God would like for all of His children to conform to the image of Christ and get d birth eternal brethren and even though God knew each individual persons election, He still gave us the option to choose our path in life. Hence, God placed humanitys salvation in our own individual give through the seemliness free will. Augustines interpretation, in contrast, was translated as For God knew his own before ever they were, and besides prescribed that they should be shaped to the likeness of his son, that he might be the eldest among a large family of brothers.4 This interpretation, accepted by many a nd also scorned by many, revealed a different God than Paul referred to.Augustine believed Gods foreknowledge and predestination was not centered upon the deeds of humanity. Instead, he believed that God, who has Divine autonomy to do as he pleases, selected his chosen at his treat and foreordained them to eternal salvation. done this monogistic view, the enthrone of free will is nonexistent, therefore removing any chance of humanitys mogul to save itself from reprobation. Augustine centered this monogstic view on ecstasys sink from invest. Adams fall from Gods dress resulted in humanitys fall as well, thereby removing the gift of free will, leaving humanity entirely dependent upon Gods sympathetic forgiveness. Free will to puff righteous choices throughout ones life is not a consideration. He centers his belief around grace not free will because he believed that none of humanity deserved redeeming and it is solely through Gods grace that some are predestined for salvat ion. solo the elect will receive Gods grace and salvation and no one knows the number or name of the elect but God himself. In other words man does not need any type of apparitional order, because, according to Augustine, we are to live throughout our lives hoping that we are one of the elected that God decides to grace with exaltation. earth-closet Calvin, another theologian, also preached predestination. John Calvin, however, sermonized on double predestination. He stated that out of the common sight of men some should be predestined to salvation, others to destruction.5 According to Calvin double predestination is when God predestines humanity to salvation and also to damnation. He believes that not only does God predestine the elect to receive his grace and know Christ for an eternity, but he also predestines those he will not allow to know Christ and conviction them to eternal suffering. His deduction for this belief, as was Augustines, was Adams fall from grace. Calvin ex pounds on the belief that God only creates perfection, thereby, Adam created in Gods image, was created perfectly. However, through Adams kind-hearted gift of free will, Adam chose foolishly and since in Adam all are sinners, deserving of eternal death, it is obvious that aught but sin will be found in men6 causing the whole of humanity to suffer the loss of Gods grace.In other words, Calvins view is God does not condemn man to damnation man condemned himself through Gods grace and free will. Calvin believes that humanity does not deserve Gods grace and it is not for us to reason why or how God decides who receives redemption and who reprobation. Therefore, to answer the questions afore mentioned, God does not determine who will receive salvation or damnation we do. God does not autonomously destine a chosen few elect to know and love Christ because in 1 Timothy 24 it is compose that God desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth.7 He gave us free wil l to live our lives as we please. God reaches out his hand to every soul on earth but it is ultimately our choice to reach out and grab it. Through Gods merciful grace of free will, he has foreknowingly placed us in charge of our own destiny. whole kit CITEDhttp//www.biblegateway.com/passage/? search=John%20316&version=NIV 1 http//www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+53%3A1-12&version=NIV 2 Preaching, predestination by Mathis Lamberigts page 6783, 4, Institutes of the Christian pietism Book III by John Calvin Chapter XXI page 9215 Commentaries Election and Predestination by John Calvin page 2546 http//www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/onsite/whatismonergism2.html http//biblehub.com/1_timothy/2-4.htm7

The Role Of Energy In Human Development Environmental Sciences Essay

In November, 2009 the UN teaching Programme ( UNDP ) office noted that 1.5 Billion tribe of the globe, well-nigh one-fourth of current globe community be still without electrical zip ( EIA World study, 2009 ) . They constituentic number 18 largely in rural developing universe. The UNDP anyhow highlighted the pressing demands to guarantee that the strength demands of developing states argon cardinal to any new clime adjustment on a lower floorstanding.The bulk of them who live in the dark argon in the least genuine states ( LDCs ) of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, harmonizing to the study ( The muscle Access Situation in Developing States A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Counties and sub-Saharan Africa. ) Mr. Olav Kjorven, UNDP Assistant executive director and Director of the Bureau for Development Policy, told newsmans in raw(a) York at the launch of the study Expanding muscularity rise to power is indispensable to under lead planetary poorness. It needs to go on at the lowest personify and in the cleanest manner possible to assist developing states model up a low-carbon path to learning, He besides noted Al nearly half of the pityingity is solely disconnected from the argument on how to drive human advancement with less emanations and greener energy because their world is such(prenominal)(prenominal) more(prenominal)(prenominal) than basal than that. They carry heavy tonss of water and nutrient on their dor unitings because they do nt hold im bureauation they cook over wood fires that amendss their wellness, non with electricity, gas or oil, We must guarantee that energy demands of these citizenry be cardinal to a new clime understanding, he added, mentioning to the treaty to control nursery gas emanations that states atomic number 18 trusting to accomplish when they meet in the danish capital in December, 2009 Kjorven noted that two one thousand million people die all(prenominal) twelvemonth from c auses associated with photo to smoke from cooking with biomass and coal and 99 per cent of those deceases occur in the development states. In LDCs and Sub-Saharan Africa, half of all deceases from pneumonia in kids under volt old ages, chronic lung disease and lung malignant neoplastic disease in grownups are attri only ifed to the usage of warm elicit, compared with 38 per cent in developing states overall.Interestingly, most of these people live in a part where there is plentifulness of fair weather ( see date 1.1 and 1.2 ) , and it is no projectile scientific discipline that sunlight dirty dog be converted to electricity. The Photo-voltaic ( PV ) engineering that converts the sunniness to electricity has been known since 1950s, and the agencies to hive away PV electricity when the Sun is reflecting and do it available when it is dark has been apply for old ages. Furthermore, electricity generated in this manner is local anaesthetic and distributed. It can be used whe re it is needed, and because wo nt contract transmittal of electricity from a cardinal sum up forthing station to remote rural countries, and thereby would negociate all electricity transmittal related issues or costs which would be Millions of dollars in dress to extend the electricity grid to these distant rural countries of the universe.Among the assorted energy utilizations, run intoing illuming demands affordably and faithfully is frequently the sanctioned demands for human life, and the underlying key to any frugal development, and riddance of human poorness. Lighting helps people get along extra trot for working, reading in the eventide, basking great security and more comfort. The quality of visible radiotherapy syndrome from a electric beginning is many time better when compared with kerosine lamps or tapers, and is less unwarranted to wellness, and safe. Compared to the visible radiation provided by electricity that the people in the developed universe usag e, the visible radiation from a kerosine lamp is really subdued. In order to read under this light 1 has about put the books straight over the lamp. In add-on, universe at so close propinquity with these lamps, the kids are bound to inhale the exhausts from these lamps which are toxic and unhealthy. Therefore, the absence of modern visible radiation as provided by the electricity impedes non merely the analyzing ability of these hapless kids but besides it creates serious wellness jobs.Pode ( Pode, 2008 ) noted In footings of costs, visible radiation from kerosine is far more expensive than provided by electric visible radiations. The cost of utile light energy ( $ /Lumen instant of visible radiation ) for kerosine is more than ccc propagation higher than the inefficient incandescent bulbs, is more than 1600 times higher than a Compact fluorescent visible radiation bulb and more than 3000 times higher than a light-emitting diode . The International pay Corporation ( IFC ) es timates that $ 38 Billion is spent yearly, in the main by the hapless, on fuel-based lighting ( World cuss Group Progress on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Projects in Fiscal stratum 2006 Bettering Lifes ) . A alteration to electric visible radiations ( CFL and LED based ) would be less than 1/2000 of this unspeakable costs for illuming, a economy of mammoth proportion.2.1 portalEvery twenty-four hours about 122 PW of sunshine reaches the flat coat s surface. This is plentiful compared to the 13 TW of entire energy consumed by worlds. Solar energy ( electricity ) is created by the sunshine. When the sunshine strikes a PV cell, a obturate make from Si or sand that is similar to the stuff used in doing cypher machine storage french friess, the energy contained in the sunshine ( the photons ) excites the atom within the semiconducting material stuff, and motion of these freehanded atoms creates electromotive lodge ( direct current electromotive force ) and electric c urrent. Therefore every bit long as there is Sun, and the sunlight hits a PV cell at that place pass on be PV electricity. This is sustainable and is plentiful.2.0 system Installation IssuesEnd product of solar PV plank can change significantly with its siting- location every bit veracious as its disposition ( tend angle ) relation to place of the Sun. Since the PV electricity is generated by the Sun, the sum of sunshine hitting the PV cell will find how much solar electricity can be obtained from a PV cell at a location. The disposition of the Sun with regard to the PV cell is of result as it would order the sum of Sun s energy that would hit the surface of the PV faculty, and its continuance. Therefore, a solar PV panel that can track the Sun as it moves from E to west during the twenty-four hours can tot up forth the most sum of solar electricity at a location. Where such trailing solar PV is non executable, the solar panel should be mounted at an angle so that it hits the Sun sheer for most of the sever and gets the sunshine during most of the twenty-four hours, Similarly, tailing will impact the sum of Sun veritable on the PV panel and will impact the sum of end products. A Solar Pathfinder ( hypertext absent protocol //www.solarpathfinder.com ) or similar instrument should be used to find the optimal location of the faculty, and topographic point it.The UNDP has postulated that The most basic demands for human development are to take long and healthy lives, to be knowing, to hold debut to the resources needed for a skilful criterion of life and to be able to take part in the life of the community. Without these, many picks are merely non available, and many chances in life outride unaccessible ( hypertext transfer protocol //hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/indices/hdi/ , accessed 5/1/2010 ) .Since 1970s foreign Keynesiasm highlighted the planetary interdependency with two major countries of concerns a new international economic order ( NIEO ) and tape transport of resources to the hapless universe of discourse of the universe ( the 3rd universe states, 3W ) to run into the basic demands in development ( Preston, P.W. , ( 1996 ) , Development Theory, ISBN 0-631-19554-8 ) . See imagine below.The voice of energy in human development was foremost highlighted in an UN Report, prepared by the Brundtland counselling ( Brundtland Report, ( 1987 ) , United Nations World Commission on surroundings and Development ( WCED ) , 1987, hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brundtland_Commission, accessed June, 2010 ) . Lack of entree to affordable energy was besides noted as one of the major causes of poorness and deficiency of human development. The disparities in energy usage between the developed universe and the under-developed universe was besides noted, with a tracing that the developed universe take a broader function in taking this huge disparity. The authoritiess of the First universe states and the cardin al establishments of the post-second universe war broad capitalist systems, the IMF, the World Banks, the NGOs realized that they must suit to force per unit areas of reform, and pay attending to this NIEO by transportation of resources to the hapless states to run into their basic demands, and turn toing the energy poorness was on top of the docket. ( Preston, P.W. , ( 1996 ) , Development Theory, ISBN 0-631-19554-8 ) . We will discourse how this development attack for the full universe specially for the energy hapless states was addressed under this NIEO ( see Figure I.1 ) .Modern energy as provided by electricity provides many chances for human development. It reduces the get dressed needed to execute basic family jobs. The clip therefore saved could be used for income coevals, increased societal activities and educational intent. It has been determined that energy ingestion has heavy correlativity with GDP every bit good as HDI. A study published by IEA indicates that the st ates with high ingestion degree of per capita electricity, attain stop number rank of both economic activities ( GDP per capita ) and HDI as shown Figs. I.4 and I.5, severally.Figures I. 4 and I. 5. electricity Consumption and GDP and Electricity ingestion and HDIIncome Generation-Enterprise development through electricity creates occupations-Higher productiveness through Mechanization-Small scale industries such as, weaving, knitting etc. for rural development information-Lights enable easiness of analyzing after dark-Reduced clip needed for executing regular family jobs. The saved clip can be used for analyzing and fostering nurture ( ICT )Modern energy enables one to entree computing machine, communicating and information based chances which are causes for digital divide, and cognition based societiesHealth Unhealthy pollutants such as ensuing from toxic dodo fuel based energy are reduced surd work related to roll uping firewood is reduced specially for adult females and ki ds Handiness of modern inoculation and health check specialty storage installations improves wellness of the local stateEnvironment-Reduction in usage of fuelwood prevents devastation of trees and timberland Energy efficient contraptions could cut down energy wastes-Promotes climate protection-Fosters globalisation of community and more societal interaction