Evolution of Internet Essay

In the beginning information was limited to newspapers, magazines, later went on to the radio and then the television. As time passed by the one-dimensional approach of information changed into a multi-dimensional trend setting phenomenon thanks to the internet. The convergence of mediums threw up huge areas of possibilities for data management and readership. So now the prior print journalism had changed to broadcast and then now the latest cyber journalism. 5. 1. The Need Internet is used as an alternative for other means of technology such as, †¢ Need of communication †¢ Need for resources †¢ Needs for information and †¢ Need for selling and marketing products 5. 2. World Wide Web The internet led to the development of the World Wide Web for effective and efficient tool of information sharing and communications. This section explains the evolution. 5. 3. Arrival of the Web A Licklider research in 1962 led to the advent of the ARPANET within the next 10 years. The next few years saw the introduction of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which allowed computers to communicate with each other. Later came the 80s, where the internet came formally into being. Hypertext language (Berners-Lee 1989, 1990) later became the language of the internet. The World Wide Web solved many of the issues faced and came forward with a lot of benefits such as online communities, learning opportunities, email, mailing lists, chat, news and newsgroups, sales, marketing, advertising, e-commerce, net telephony, television and many more. It all started of with the network between universities in 1969, till 1980 it catered to the needs of universities. In 1993, a software Mosaic allowed images and text to be displayed on the internet. This led to the beginning of a revolution of the World Wide Web. Journalism has drastically changed the face of reporting and information gathering. The World Wide Web gives an opportunity to use technology for the benefit of the writer as well as the reader. The need for tools and resources to improve the individual’s journalistic ambitions as well as the organization involved (Garrison, 1998). The steps for journalism are clearly explained in (Hausman, 1992). Some clear principles of web production for web developers (Whittaker) for users besides computer professionals are well explained. This gives an idea of what needs to be done and how it has to be done. Nielsen (1999) explains well the design concepts involved both which are page design, content design, site design and intranet design. According to Sundar (2000) the prime way of attracting readership to internet and print media is the level of interactivity goes beyond images. Internet is a medium in audio, visual, visual effects and animation, along with non-linear narrative structures (Grusin and Bolter, 1999). Online information is a place for data storage so that information can be accessed as and when required, these have become electronic libraries for storage (Koch). In one of the papers (Augustine and Greene, 2002) it is explained that in the case of a library, the students frequently use the search instead of browsing through the pages in the website. So in cases like this the website importance becomes more concentrated on the search factor. So the web designers will have to improve upon the metadata and search engine features to facilitate the students much better. Verlag (2005) gives a detailed description why people do not visit websites. The reasons may be varied but loosing a reader is not a good point for journalism. Information is so massive and so varied that if you search for a topic it will throw up a lot of relevant and irrelevant entries. The net is also a source for fraud, spoofs and indecent matter. It is important that information is filtered based on the search requirement (CNET). 5. 4. Designing the website Websites designed serve different purposes they can be introductory pages, brochures designs for sales and marketing, latest news coverage, online services, business applications and many more. To develop the right website what is required is, †¢ A plan for the site. This plan needs to contain the navigation style, the menu structure and other links. †¢ Layout of website. This refers to the positioning of the website which consists of images, texts, headers, footers and logo. †¢ Content. The information that is going to fill the website. The material such as images, audios and videos, everything needs to be decided. 5. 5. Websites for user-Interaction Most of the websites available allow for user interaction,, these websites can be classified as †¢ Websites for E-Commerce. Where sales and marketing are promoted through advertisements and online transactions. †¢ Website for business purposes. This keeps the users informed about the goings on of business organizations and institutions for B@B and B2C transactions. †¢ Website with user interaction. Forms that is available online for filling such as feedback, contact forms and so on. †¢ Information exchange. Online libraries, digital magazines, news papers, blogs that contain the latest information. 5. 6. Uses of Websites There are a lot of benefits that any industry can get from websites, some of them being †¢ Up-to-date information. The easy design makes updating very simple. †¢ Branding. A company, organisation, person can be put into the limelight by very good brand managing and websites have become a very strong tool for the purpose. †¢ Correspondence. Email, chat, net telephony has made geographical divisions and differences very small, cheap and easy. †¢ Online sales and services. Companies are using the internet to increase their sales and marketing. †¢ Client/Customer satisfaction. Customer relationship management has reached a new level with the internet making interaction personal and secure. 6. Similar Websites Websites are of different types such as business websites, personal websites, governmental websites, private organisation websites and informative websites. These websites provide various themes, such as employment, directory, games, politics and sports. Some websites are studied to analyse what the user is looking for when looking for information. The website results have been consolidated after the research methods used above. 6. 1. Study of website -1 The website being discussed has an exclusive theme of permit free training in the UK. The website voices opinions against the verdict given by the judiciary system. The website keeps doctors of Indian origin updated about rule and regulations regarding their welfare. The team aims to improve the skill of doctors so that their contribution to NHS and is note worthy. The website also helps in petitioning against injustices and atrocities against doctors. It also guides and supports doctors by way of financial assistance and employment assistance. The website assists in many ways and gives information of the organisation their objectives, goals and actions. The user can also subscribe for the newsletter that is available via email. The user can also publish their messages on the online message board. High points of the website – http://www. bapioaction. moonfruit. com/ †¢ Broken Links. There are no broken links. Each page goes to another page. †¢ Writing style. The written style is simple and easy to understand. †¢ Content overview. The website aims to be up-to-date, which is good. So anyone who visits the page is assured of the latest information. Low points of the website †¢ Design of the website. The design is simple but the formats and fonts are not consistent across the webpage. There is too much wastage of space. The alignment and consistency in the pages is missing. †¢ Layout of the website. The website layout is not regular throughout. There are buttons, messages and images all over the place. †¢ Navigation. It is not easy to navigate through the website as there are too many links all over the page. †¢ Time taken to load. The page takes time to load, it is very slow. †¢ Errors. Pages sometimes overload and it is difficult to read as two pages are overlapped. †¢ Download. It opens into another page and then into the download option, which is inconvenient. †¢ Browser compatibility. Mozilla Firefox an Internet Explorer has some problems while opening the pages and displaying contents. †¢ User-friendliness. The website is easy to use but not friendly enough as navigation, formats and all the above mentioned problems.

Essay on 2g Spectrum

Essay on 2G Spectrum Scam B Rajashekar Reddy (1593206) MADS 6604 Ethics and Public Values Prof Brenda Lyshaug, Ph. D. Fairleigh Dickinson University April 01, 2013 â€Å"2G† stands for â€Å"Second-generation wireless telephone technology†. The 2G scam is one of the biggest scam till now in India and the highest authority of India Supreme Court stated that this scam is mother of all the scam till now in India. In this 2G spectrum scam many government officials are involved for illegally undercharging frequency allocation for the mobile telephonic companies.The difference between the money collected and the money to be obtained is 1, 76,379 crore rupees (USD 39 billion). The issuing of licenses to the mobile companies occurred in 2008, but it first came to notice when the income tax department investigating one of the political person NiraRadia. CBI and CAG are the two investigation agencies involved in the investigation of the 2g scam. CAG is a file based government aud iting agency. It focuses on reporting the issues when there is a deviation from the set policies and procedures and also how it is effected the economy growth.CAG has clearly mentioned that the allotment of licenses was not held in realistic price. That has caused a loss of revenue up to Rs. 176 lakhs crore to the government of India. The report also stated that telecom minister A. Raja has totally ignored the advice of finance ministries on allocation of license to benefit for few operators. It also that all the telecom regulator acts are ignored to misused. CAG also reported that the price at the license was allocated in 2008 are according to the prices in 2001.The price is very low when compared to the technology and other development from the year 2008 to 2001 which has resulted in loss to the government. The auction methods followed and the bids to invite the participants to sell the license are not carried out according to proper rules. CAG also stated that telecom ministry ha s crossed all the financial procedures, policies and rules according to his needs. Raja has issued licenses to the candidates who are ineligible and to the candidates submitted the false documents. From 122 licenses 85 are illegally assigned nd they are not to the mark or rules needed by the telecom regulations act. Government has also formed a special central bureau of investigation team to investigate the case. The charge sheet filled by the CBI has stated that the loss was 309845. 5 million (US$ 5. 7 billion) on 2nd April 2011. As per joint report of Income Tax Department and Central Bureau of Investigation agencies. It has stated that A. Raja could have received an amount of 30 billion rupees (US$ 550 million) as a bribe from the companies for bringing the cut-off date forward for the applicants of spectrum.The actual date of submission is 1st October 2007 then later it is shifted to 25th September 2007 this shift in the deadline has eliminated many applications and it went favo r of some of the applicants. His auction is not done according to the market valuation and instead he adopted the rate of 2001, when the telecom sector was in perfect boom. Actions to prevent such scams All the proceeding done by the parliamentary committees should be made clear to the public and media, so that everyone can clearly understand the issue.The government needs to take severe and serious actions in such issue that can restrict others to involve in such scam. Government has to prove itself by taking all the actions on the accused independent of their position and personality. Media has to perform its duty by letting out the truth to the public in such issues. Fast track courts are to be established by government to create transparence in the justice in such scams. On May 2007, A. Raja has been appointed as a telecom minister and in august 2007 department of telecommunications DOT has initiated a process of allocation for 2G spectrum.On 25th of September 2007 telecom minis try issues press not for the deadline for applications as October 1st 2007. The prime minister of India writes to the telecom ministry A. Raja to make sure that all the process of allotment should be carried in a transparent and fair manner and to make sure about the fee with respect to the market value. But, A. Raja has wrote back to prime ministry rejecting many of his suggestions and recommendations. This scam involves many political issues, as A. Raja is member of DMK party which supports congress government in the central.Some videos related to A. Raja regarding the lobbing for the post of telecom ministry has been leaked to press. That became as a serious issue in the central at the same time 2g scam has been came in to the picture. Congress government thought of laying off the case as it became a prestige issues to the government. In this process the CBI head and Income tax department head has been discharged from their positions and sent to other department. Since, DMK is a supporting party to the government. The government doesn’t want to lose their support as it is very much needed to be in power.As the video’s regarding the lobbing for the telecom ministry post has went in to the public through media. Then the government stated to resign for the post of telecom minister. Earlier, A. Raja refused to resign but later his is left with no other option. In this scam, the government tried to divert the issue by stating that there was a gain instead of loss to the government. Later, other statement has been issued from government stating that there was a zero loss to the government. This two contradiction statement has created my doubts in the public.As per the public petition filled by the senior retired officer the Supreme Court has take up the case and on 2nd February 2012 the supreme court of India has stated that the license allocation are done without following any procedures and rules and this directly has favored many companies. A. Ra ja has been arrested on February 2nd 2011 and this impacted many company shares and share market has been collapsed by 20% on that day. Companies like swan telecom and unitech have got the licenses at very low price and then they sold and given partnership to other companies at very high price when compared to the price that they got the license.This clearly states the difference between buying and selling price, which has done great loss to the government. For this, A. Raja has taken bribe from the companies indirectly by investing the money into the Kalaignar TV channel in Chennai, which is headed by MP Kanimozhi daughter of DMK party leader M. Karunanidhi. Telecom department need to follow the telecom regulation act and rules and this should be monitored by the department of telecom director. If anything done in wrong way or without following the rules then it should be notified by the director and definite action should be taken like cancelling the licenses.The government needs to assign this post to talented and trustful and sincere persons like retired IPS officers. This scam could not been occurred if the director of department could have noticed it and complained it to the higher officials. When such bids or allocations are conducted with large amount of money then there need to be some steps should be carried out like perfect document verification and perfect financial statement. Also need to check whether the company has all the eligibilities to apply or not. There need to perfect rules and regulations need to be setup before the process of bid is initialized.The income tax and CBI need to focus on the participants of the bids. Since, large amount of money is involved in the bid. Government also need to act irrespective to the political issues when such issues occur. Instead of covering those issues the government needs to take transparent and fair action regardless of the political issues and matters. As a government servant A. Raja has misused all his powers and responsibilities for his now needs and work. He used his power to build his own wealth and his fellow beings. As a public and government servant he needs to serve the public with their needs and wants.He used all the powers for his own interest. As a public servant he has lost all his faith and trust towards the public. He misused the public funds and values of the parliamentary. Which is very unethical to do being in such high position. Beside A. Raja, M. K. Kanimozhi has also involved in the scam. M. K. Kanimozhi is only daughter of five time chief minister of Tamil Nadu, M. Karunanidi representing DMK political party. Kanimozhi is Member of Parliament representing Rajya Sabha for Tamil Nadu. As per the charge sheet Kanimozhi has 20% share in her family owned TV channel Kalaignar in Tamil Nadu.As per the CBI Kamimozhi is main head behind the scam as she worked with A. Raja to shift the money from the applicants of spectrum to Kalaignar TV about 2 billion. Also, stat ed that A. Raja has directly involved in launching the TV channel by getting the permission from Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and also from DTH Tata service. She was charged a case to breach the trust by a public servant. She was arrested by CBI on May 20th 2011 and granted bail on November 28th, 2011 after spending in judicial custody. Still the tail is being following in special branch court CBI.Siddharth Behura is the telecom secretary when whole issue has taken place. Allegation on him is that he has shifted the deadline for the applications so has to avoid some companies. This is total misuse of power. He has been arrested by CBI on Feb 2nd 2011 and granted bail later. RK Chandolia, Raja’s private secretary involved in each and every aspect of the scam. He and Behura both together planned to limit deadline for the applications. He was arrested by CBI on Feb 2nd, 2011 and later granted bail. Irrespective of political pressure the ministry should be handed to w ell educated and trustful person.I think the director of department and minister is responsible for the entire scam. The Director of Department position needs filled by the sincere and honest person like retired IPS officers. The CBI offers and income tax department need to work out very effectively. Political pressure should not be applied on both the departments. In most of the cases the CBI is operated by the central government which makes its weaker to actions on the accused. That is not good for the country growth. CBI is a independent department under Supreme Court but most of the cases it work with respect to the ruling party.The income tax department needs to be more advanced and strengthen. This could reduce the flow of black money in this kind of situations. They need to monitor every action when related to the huge change of money. Media need to be alert in such issue and need provide perfect information to public. In this scam media played a vital role by leaking out the important videos to the public and letting out the truth. Whistle blowing in some situation is very important and in some other situations it create serious problem to the whistle blower.When coming to this scam I think whistle blowing is right thing to do. Since, the highest position of the department of telecom is involved in it. Report against a minister to any higher authority is not a normal thing. This could be harmful to him and his position in the government. In this scam a government offer has approached to income tax department about the issue and other filled a case in the Supreme Court. As many political and government officials are involved complaint to higher authorities is very risk thing to do.In this case the government tried to reduce the impact of the issue by withdrawing the head of CBI and Income tax department by this we can understand the political pressure in this issue. Later whistle blowing to the media had made to case to sustain and the accused got arres ted. A. Raja has cleared used all his powers for his own purpose. The lobbying for the post of telecom minister itself clearly stated his nature. He didn’t even consider the recommendation and rules that Prime Minister has recommended. His thoughts were to earn and take advantage from his position.In his views it is ethical for him to do like as he did for his self advantage. The result of Raja’s dissent is the 2G scam. His dissent had done great loss to the government of India. Lot of money has been misdirected from the government treasure which should be used for the public welfare. This issue has lost the trust on the government in the public. The entire license issued by the Raja has been dismissed by the government and allocations with new prices are done later. This has been wasted government time and money. The moral principles like not to cheat the public being a public representative are at stake.The responsibility values as being in the position are at stake. As a responsible person Raja has make all the allotments in fair and transparent manner. He should act in such a way that government and public need to get advantage of it. Everything exposed in this scam are done unethically, being a public servant he should use the power for the public welfare not for his own needs. But Raja has totally misused his power for his personal needs and to give advantage for his own people. To stop such scam CBI and income tax departments need to be provided with full power and no political pressure on them.Reference 2g scam: Timeline. (2011, OCT 22). THE INDIAN EXPRESS. Retrieved from http://www. indianexpress. com/news/2g-scam-timeline/864055 2g spectrum scam: The story so far. (2011, September 15). NDTV. Retrieved from http://www. ndtv. com/article/india/2g-spectrum-scam-the-story-so-far-133841 Court to consider charge sheet in 2g scam case on feb. 11. (2013, JAN 30). THE HINDU. Retrieved from http://www. thehindu. com/news/national/court-to-conside r-charge-sheet-in-2g-scam-case-on-feb-11/article4360930. ece Dhananjay , M. (2011, sept 07). 2g loss? ovt gained over rs 3,000cr: Trai. THE TIME OF INDIA. Retrieved from http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2011-09-07/india/30122800_1_spectrum-trai-2g John , R. ( 2012, February 06). India to auction 2g spectrum from scandal-tainted licences. TECHWORLD. Retrieved from http://news. techworld. com/networking/3335201/india-to-auction-2g-spectrum-from-scandal-tainted-licences/ What is the 2g spectrum scam about?. (2012, march 2013). DECCAN HERALD. Retrieved from http://www. deccanherald. com/content/112984/what-2g-spectrum-scam-about. html

Sun Tzu

OD 13-00706Mar13 SUBJECT: Book Report on Sun Tzu The Art of War and its Pertinence to Combat Sun Tzu was a Chinese military general, strategist, and philosopher from the Zhou Dynasty. He was believed to have lived somewhere in the time period of the Warring States from 476-221 BC. Scholars believe he is the author of The Art of War, an extremely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy. Other scholars however, believe that Sun Tzu was in fact a combination of different generals and tacticians and that The Art of War was a collection of their combined efforts and wisdom.The Art of War was discovered in the 8th century in Japan where it was released to the masses and saw an explosion in popularity during the 20th century. Prior to that, it was a collection kept under secrecy allowed only to the reigning emperor. The entire work is the foundation for military tactics today. There are three key principles developed by Sun Tzu, know your enemy and know yourself and in 100 bat tles you will never be in peril. To win 100 battles is not the height of skill, to subdue the enemy without fighting is. Avoid what is strong and attack what is week.Utilizing these three key principles, Sun Tzu focused on achieving his goal with the minimal amount of casualties and resources. In his book, Sun Tzu teaches â€Å"winning without conflict. † Conflict is expensive and the cost is ultimately burdened by the people of the states. Beating opponents and winning battles may satisfy the ego, but Sun Tzu considers that goal a foolish one. This belief can be seen through every war that American has been engaged in and the cost it has taken monetarily as well as emotionally on the people.In every conflict that America has been engaged in, tactics and teachings of Sun Tzu were either utilized by American forces, or against American forces. During the Vietnam war, General Vo Nguyen Giap, the military mastermind behind victories over American forces in Vietnam, was an avid s tudent and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas. General Giap understands Sun Tzu’s teachings of indirect attacks to confuse and utilizes insurgents to stage hit and run attacks against the Americans.This is similar to Sun Tzu invasion of Chu, where he would attack weaker outposts drawing the main forces to that area. When the main forces arrived, Sun Tzu was already gone attacking the next weak outpost causing his enemies military to constantly stay on the move and grow tired and weaker. As Sun Tzu says, it is more important to outthink your enemy than to outfight him. Looking at Sun Tzu’s teaching, you can see that he predicted the loss of the Vietnam War by the U. S as well as the victory of WWII.As Sun Tzu states, in war numbers alone confer no advantage, do not advance relying on sheer military power. This tactic was utilized heavily by the United States in Vietnam and they learned that despite their overwhelming military might, they cannot win this war. General Giap t akes Sun Tzu’s teaching of know your enemy and know yourself and in 100 battles you will know no peril, and learns the habits of the Americans. He comes to realize that the Americans are incredibly predictable; they prepare all landing zones by blanketing the area with artillery strikes and then bring in the troops.General Giap has his soldiers lying in wait after the artillery rounds land and ambushes the incoming American soldiers. Through knowing his enemy General Giap utilizes Sun Tzu’s teaching of indirect attack, attack the weak points avoid the strong points, and through this the CIA comes to realize that roughly 80% of the conflicts occur due to the Vietcong choosing to engage. The Vietnamese chose whether they wanted to engage American soldiers due to the utilizing and understanding of these key principles of Sun Tzu. General Giap shows his understanding of Sun Tzu no better than the Tet offensive.Sun Tzu states, let you plans be as dark and night then strike like a thunderbolt. This is portrayed perfectly by the Vietnamese when they attack roughly 100 targets at once during the Tet holiday in Vietnam. General Giap receives orders from his superiors to conduct a full frontal assault on American forces. Realizing this is suicide he instead coordinates a massive multipronged simultaneous attack on a hundred different locations on 31January1968. The Tet offensive was prepared in total secrecy and utilized to the fullest one of Sun Tzu’s favorite tactics, the spy.Sun Tzu states that if you discover an enemy has spy’s within your ranks, to offer him luxury and monetary incentives to turn against his country and serve you. He also emphasizes utilizing a spy to properly disseminate false information to mislead your enemy into thinking you will attack one area when you are truly attacking another. One week prior to the Tet offensive, the Vietnamese attack Khe San, one of the marine outposts. This was a distraction to draw as many t roops away from the other posts prior to the Tet holiday.This onslaught progressed for days, at one point the President of the United States made the generals of each branch sign a letter stating they would not lose Khe San. This was all going according to plan for General Giap, know your enemy’s weakness, let your plans be as dark as night, utilize indirect attacks, have spies plant misinformation, and it is more important to outthink your enemy. All of these Sun Tzu teachings come together for the main operation on 31January1968, simultaneously Vietnamese troop’s assault over 100 American military positions taking them all.It is the most successful attack done by the North Vietnamese. AS Sun Tzu states, use a direct attack to engage and an indirect attack to win. Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, depicts to the reader the foundation for any successful military engagement. General Giap utilized these principles to their fullest during Vietnam to the detriment of the Un ited States and other allied countries. If you look at all wars, past and present you will see that those who follow his teachings are victorious, while those who do not are doomed to fail.By following Sun Tzu’s three key principles of know your enemy and know yourself, and in 100 battles you will never be in peril, to win 100 battles is not the height of skill, to subdue the enemy without fighting is, and avoid what is strong and attack what is week, your military will never know defeat. LAURANCE KENNY 2LT, OD References: Sunzi, Ralph D. Sawyer, Mei-chu? n Sawyer, and Bin Sun. The Complete Art of War. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996. Print. Sun Tzu. The Art of War. Tokyo: Project Gutenburg, 1910. Sun Tzu/ Lionel Giles. The Art of War: Sun Tzu. London: Pax Librorium, 1905.

Questions 1 and 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Questions 1 and 2 - Essay Example This includes to the society, government, world, and the  community  (Peter, 1997: p.112). The foremost purpose of the development of a business is not to  attest  to these responsibilities but is the  responsibility  to itself; making profits. Other aspects of the market and non market components also  have  effect  on the  business  and are also in turn affected by the business. Issues such as the population, government regulations, environmental  conservation  and social health  responsibility  are in  effect  of this. NGOs are entities created by individuals or groups within the  society  to deal with  certain  issues in the  society  through advocating, lobbying, electoral support,  judicial  action  and coalition building. In order to deal with such issues, they may even sometimes  conform  to public and  private  politics. This is for the  business  to  correct  its issues and consumers to  attain  their r ights. Such NGOs act as watch dogs for the external components of business such as the environment and people. Through such ways as discussed above they are able to  ascertain  for the fulfillment of the responsibilities that the business has. In the conduction of this, it also acts as a check on the governments effects on the business environment that in turn affect the people. This is through actions such as  harsh  regulations and taxes. ... This includes such aspects as discussed above on environmental, societal, regulatory and employee  consideration. This has culminated the  advent  of altruistic behavior in organizations fearing tainting their image, lobbyism against them and law suits. It can so be concluded that, NGOs do play a particularly crucial role in ensuring adherence to responsibilities by corporations and organizations  thus  positive behavioral actions (Keck, 1998: p.56). 2. Regulation of HRM activities of MNCs via the introduction of Minimum Labor Standards into international agreements on free trade Multinational corporations are currently extremely emerged in the economies of the world. This has brought about the development of super powers, and this  superiority  over other  nation’s economies has its adverse effects. Issues such as  employment  creation, improved living conditions, and industrialization are some of the benefits of such international trade. On the other hand , there are adverse effects such as the  killing  of local industries, social dumping, tax evasions and illegalities within the corporations that may occur (Tarrow, 2005: p.86). As a result of these various effects, it is of the suggestion that the human resource management activities of multinational corporations should be checked through the  introduction  of minimum labor standards into the  international  free trade agreements. Through the  application  of such minimum labor standards, some of the multinational corporations that consider themselves with key investors in the  foreign  economies kept at bay. As, such they lack the opportunity to  threaten  such economies with the rights

Managing bullying and harassment in the workplace Research Paper

Managing bullying and harassment in the workplace - Research Paper Example 2. Discussion and Analysis Let’s give a brief discussion about bullying and harassment. Bullying based on sex, gender, race, ethnicity, color, language, cultural background, socio-economic background, physical impairment, and etcetera, comes under the concept of discrimination. For example, age discrimination includes bullying such as not selecting an old age candidate for a job posting, abusing an old employee, firing or demoting him, not providing him employee incentives, or preferring others to him when it comes to important decision-making and problem-solving. Quid pro quo is the situation in which the person’s employment status is decided based upon his response to the sexual advances by his employer. It can also be described as â€Å"do this and I’ll do that for you†. Reverse quid is the situation in which the employer behaves like â€Å"do this or I’ll do that†. This more generally involves threats and punishments. Hostile environment is the environment that results from offensiveness shown by the victim as a response to unwelcome sexual conduct from the harasser, and this situation starts hindering the victim’s job performance. ... 3. Literature Review Branch, Ramsay and Barker (2013) conducted a research on workplace bullying. They assert that researchers have long been formulating theories and explanations about bullying and harassment at workplace, especially after the emergence of the concept of school bullying. They state that although workplace bullying and harassment have become widely known aspects of organizational cultures, yet organizations face challenges in implementing management strategies to manage these. Workplace bullying and harassment not only affect the victims but also have hazardous impacts upon the bystanders. Hence, it becomes necessary for the organizations to consider all impacts of workplace bullying and harassment in order to work out such strategies that cater with the needs of not only the victims but also the bystanders. Deery, Walsh and Guest (2011) studied the effects of workplace bullying and harassment on job satisfaction. Their research sample consisted of nurses in British hospitals. They compared two types of harassment: insider harassment that came from seniors and co-workers, and outsider harassment that came from patients. They also studied the effect of anti-harassment policies on workplace environment. They concluded that the nature of bullying and harassment changed with the nature of the harasser (insider or outsider); however, anti-harassment policies were found to have a profound impact as they resulted in considerable decrease in the harassment incidents at the workplace. This research helps understand that anti-bullying and anti-harassment policies at the workplace are crucial if the aim is to reduce workplace bullying and harassment. Bentley et al.

Compare and contrast the values, institutions and actions of the Essay

Compare and contrast the values, institutions and actions of the city-states of Sparta and Athens - Essay Example Athenian citizens had enjoyed strong constitutional rights in political and legal aspects. This made them strong, materially and psychologically, which was envied by many non-citizens and these aspects were not compromised upon for anything else. At the Funeral Oration of Pericles, it was declared that the Greek Constitution was unique in its laws and is an example for others. It is meant for all people of the State and hence is democracy. The laws provide equal justice to all in their private differences; no form of discrimination is allowed based on social status or race and creed and not even by economic status. Any citizen serving the State will not be hindered by the obscurity of his position. This freedom extends from government to ordinary life (Butler, K; 18). Political organizations in Athens and the surrounding cities differed in specific instance conflict, as well as cooperation among groups. Athens was always in a better position than other States and tend to dictate to t he smaller states with which it was in league. Failure to meet Athenian expectations, whether reasonable or unreasonable, sometimes resulted in harsh treatment and other sorts of vindications announced. The impact of Greek concepts spread extensively through the Roman jurisprudence and philosophy, particularly the idea of ‘rights’ that the Greek government had announced. On the other side, Sparta was also admired by the Ancient World for different reasons. It was a military prowess and had a stable political system. Military, in Sparta, was different in that it was strengthened to cause repression of the majority of the internal population instead of defense against external aggression. This is treated as an early example of the conscious creation of state institutions for massive, ongoing repression of the kind Hobbes’ absolutist governor would have to have. Contrast to the Athenian ideology,

Business Models and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Models and Planning - Essay Example Of course, this meant that the market was viable. With about 99.99% of the market untapped, there was a great business opportunity for Chase and partner. More drivers would soon need the services so that business idea was highly viable, and there would be great returns (Hart et al., 2005). The main competitors were Swiss Mobility CarSharing-it had 1400 cars at the moment-and Stadtauto. The latter had only 300 cars. The former had a membership of 30,000 people, and operated in some 700 locations and was mostly concentrated in expanding in Switzerland. Drive Stadtauto had about 7,500 members and did operate in 110 locations. Other competitors were only potential in that they had not already set shop. They included CommunAuto, Car-Sharing Inc. and FlexCar. To differentiate it, Chase and partner focused on cost effectiveness and convenience when other companies focused more on environmental impact. They priced their services relatively cheaper and had diverse products when other competitors concentrated on just one or two products (Hart et al., 2005). Chase and partner used a catchy name-Zipcar. The name communicated their intention so that customers readily related to their services and the core rationale behind their idea; which was basically to share ownership of cars at individual convenience. They employed low-budget advertising techniques. For instance, they got 40% of their customers through word of mouth and referrals where already registered members referred others. Public relations also came in handy for them since they got 25% of their customers through this tactic. They also employed guerrilla grassroots efforts of marketing. Members advertised the services even without knowing they did through well-crafted logos that conveyed environment conservation (Hart et al., 2005). Chase ensured that communication was passed through the websites. She emphasized on quality, convenience, low costs and the

International finance management Research Paper

International finance management - Research Paper Example The issuers of the obligations/securities might include companies, various special purpose related entities, local governments, states, nonprofit seeking organizations and/or sovereign nations. There are various credit rating agencies which provide credit ratings. The agency or company which has been selected in this project is Moody’s Investors Service. Moody’s Investor Services Moody’s Investors Services, also referred as Moody’s, is a bond credit rating business under the Moody’s Corporation (Moody’s Corporation, 2011; Bloomberg Businessweek, 2013). It provides financial research on the bonds which are issued by the government and commercial entities along with Fitch Group and Standard & Poor’s. It is considered as one among the Three Big Credit Rating Agencies. ... It produces research for the government entities, corporations, and finance securities. The main objective of the business is helping the investors in assessing the credit risk. Moody’s Investors Service has set a goal of offering the best sought-after ‘credit’ opinions to all the sectors involved in the fixed income market. Moody’s Investors Services is one of the leading providers of the credit ratings and research & risk analysis. The expertise and commitment of the business contributes towards transparency and formation of integrated financial markets by means of protection of the integrity of credit. The ratings and analysis department of this business tracks debt of more than 115 different countries 10000 corporate issuers. 82000 finance obligations (structured). 22000 public finance issuance companies. These credit rating services provided by the business helps the investors in analyzing the credit risks related to the fixed income securities. The in dependent and accurate credit ratings as well as risk analysis contributes in the increase of efficiency in the fixed income markets and other related obligations like the insurance policies, derivative transactions etc, by means of offering independent and credible credit risk assessment guiding the investors (Moody’s Corporation, 2013b). ‘Moody’s default studies’ helps in validating the predictive ratings. The published research and investors briefings help in bringing in thousands or even more attendees every year and keeps the investors up to date with the rationale underlying the credit opinions. Functions in capital markets Closest competitors of Moody’s Investors Service are Fitch Group and Standard & Poor. These three

Chain and Gear Business Expansion Plan 2014 Essay

Chain and Gear Business Expansion Plan 2014 - Essay Example The expansion will include the development of an e-commerce website to increase sells and customer service, development of five new products. The services we currently offer are limited to Used bikes. The new products are new bikes (hybrid and Mountain) from various suppliers, cycling nutrition products such as energy drinks, body armor and Pads from Dainese and finally, accessories and spares. Servicing and maintenance will be offered free for all bikes bought at the shop for a period of 3months from the date of purchase. We expect a gross Margin of 46% on the new products and an expected 40% net margin. The Break-even point is estimated at 710 units. With the changing weather patterns in the UK, sales are expected to be at peak levels in the summer months. Tour De France’s influence on cycling will be important with many communities organizing small events. Chain and Gear will optimize these events to promote its products and increase revenue. The annual expected revenue for 2014 is approximately  £1.7 million, supported by high sales of nutritional products and body armor and pads. Chain and Gear is a sole-proprietorship operating in London’s High Streets of Fulham Road in Chelsea. The company has been in operation for one year and with the increased demand in bicycles, it intends to expand its operations from a small used bikes shop to a high-end value brand with over  £1 Million turnovers annually. This expansion will see an introduction of five new products and a capital injection of about  £70,000. The total cash requirements for the business expansion will be  £84,000. With a capital injection of  £70,000 and credit facility of 60% of start-up inventory, the business will have sufficient cash flow to start.The intended will be funded by a loan of  £60,000 sourced from banks and a  £10,000 cash injection from the owner.  

Assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include Essay

Assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include their historical timelines - Essay Example In this instance, the groups maintain their elements of their identities such as their culture, language and their other form of cultural practices or the traditions. Pluralists in this instance, believe that they can only allow intermingling of their culture with the modern aspects of life. Such aspects include education, music, art, history, cuisine and other relevant aspects of life (Suarez-Orozco, Suarez-Orozco, & Qin-Hillard, 2010). It refers to the evolution of the diversity of culture within a given limit that took place in the past. The evolution of the culture was under the influence of the selection, institution, and the settlement policies. It entails the conjunction of two or more groups due to the demographic features that surround them. The Hispanics regarded themselves as not the same as the Americans’ while some of them could speak both English and Spanish could not fully assimilate into the American culture. Hispanics were also more liberal and conservative in comparisons to the Americans decided not get assimilated into the American culture (GarciÃÅ', 2005). The relationship between these people and the natives was very worse. It was not possible for them to socialize with the natives since there was a lot of racial discrimination regarding their skin culture. Almost in all sectors in the United States, these people never interacted with the natives or the real American citizens by birth. As such, they ended up, not getting assimilated into American culture (Suarez-Orozco, Suarez-Orozco, & Qin-Hillard, 2010). The wave of the assimilation that was to occur for the Native Americans was to undergo the assimilation that involves the acceptance of the foreign culture from the Europeans. The foreigners were at those times majorly the colonialists in the country. Europe agitated for a standard form of education system all over the world, but the Americans believed that theirs was more superior and decided to follow

Sue Monk Kidd’s The Secret Life of Bees Essay Example for Free

Sue Monk Kidd’s The Secret Life of Bees Essay In Sue Monk Kidd’s novel The Secret Life of Bees there is a psychological allegory present, which is proven by the characters in the story. The psychological allegory is based on the theory by Sigmund Freud, this theory states that in the human brain there is three major psychological portions, the id, the ego, and the super ego. The id is the portion that induces selfishness and hatred and other â€Å"bad† actions, the super ego is the opposite of the id, putting others before ones self and caring for others, the ego is the perfect balance between the two and is almost always the psyche portrayed be the protagonist. In this novel it is T. Ray who illustrates the id, through his bad treatment of Lily, his lack of commitment to Rosaleen, and his selfishness when Lily is gone. May Boatwright is the character who illustrates the super ego by her innocence, her caring and by her need for perfection. The ego is portrayed be Lily, through her good decision making, her panning abilities, and by the way she stands up to her father. All of these characters are uniquely important to proving the psychological allegory that can be found in this novel. In this story it is the character T. Ray who fills the role of the id in the psychological allegory, T. Ray fills this role by the way he treats Lily, the way he doesn’t care about his worker; Rosaleen, and by the way he only thinks of himself during lily’s absence. T. Ray’s only family left to him is his daughter Lily, yet he still treats her poorly. T. Ray finds Lily outside in the dark and without any proof of misbehaviour he punishes her rather severely â€Å"He poured a mound of grits the size of an anthill onto the pine floor â€Å"Get over here and kneel down† (p24) T. Ray seems to almost enjoy punishing Lily, perhaps because he still blames her for his wife’s death. This is a trait which fits the id portion of the psyche. T. Ray does not seem to care about the only other adult in the house he lives in; Rosaleen. Rosaleen is the closest thing he has to a friend and T. Ray couldn’t care less for her. Lily is trying to convince T. Ray to let Rosaleen out of jail, and T. Ray refuses â€Å" What I ,mean is, I wouldn’t be surprised if he flat out killed her â€Å" (p30) T. Ray know Rosaleen might die but he still wont try to help her because it would mean standing up to the people of his  community. He is only thinking of himself, which is a quality of the id. T. Ray also only thinks of himself when Lily leaves him, instead of considering the fact that she might be happier without him. T. Ray has found Lily at the Boatwright house and is insisting she come back â€Å"I spent half my summer looking for you, and I’m taking you out of here† (290) T. Ray spent half his summer looking for Lily because he was happier with her, instead of thinking of Lily and considering the fact that she might be happier with out him. In this he was only thinking of himself and was demonstrating the id. Through all of these excerpts it can de determined that the character of T. Ray demonstrates the id in the psychological allegory, through his bad treatment of Lily, his lack of caring with Rosaleen, and the way he only thinks of himself. In this novel the character of May Boatwright portrays the super ego, by her unbiased caring, by her innocence, and by her need for perfection. May cares for every one no matter what race or gender, and created a wall to pray for the people of the world. May has just heard that Zach is in jail and is upset â€Å"I’m going to the wall† (p187) May knows Zach is in trouble so she immediately starts praying for him, this shows a great amount of caring which is a super ego quality. May is also extremely innocent when it comes to the people around her. May becomes very upset when she sees a Negro man dead with a widow and her family â€Å"that’s all right, May. Let all misery slide right off you† (p89) May is demonstrating the super ego be the way she is putting other people before herself and is feeling their misery. May has a need for perfection which is in keeping with her super ego character. May is making pancakes for every one and shows Lily’s to her â€Å"This ones yours† â€Å"L for Lily† (p103) May is not going to be happy with just a plain pancake, she is making a perfect L for Lily. This is a quality of the super ego. Each of these quotes shows the ways the character May Boatwright acts as the super ego in this story, through her caring, her innocence, and her need for perfection May fits this potion of the psychological allegory. The last character who completes the psychological allegory is Lily herself who portrays the ego. She does this through her calm decision making, her panning ahead, and the way she stand up to her father. The character Lily  has good calm decisions making. Lily is at home after Rosaleen’s encounter with the men â€Å"In a matter of seconds I knew what I had to do-leave. I had to get away from T. Ray who would be back soon† (p41) Lily does not panic, she does not give up, she simply makes the best decision available to her, which is an ego trait. Lily also has good planning skills; she thinks ahead and does not get stuck in the present. Lily and Rosaleen have just reached the outskirts of Tiburon â€Å"If we can find some place open when we get into town ill go get us some food† â€Å"if they don’t have a hotel we’ll have to rent a room† (p60) Lily is portraying the ego by the way she is planning for the future to insure she and Rosaleen will have food and shelter. In the end of the novel Lily displace the Ego by the way she stands up to her father. T. Ray has come to The Boatwright house to find Lily and bring her home â€Å"I’m Staying here† â€Å"I’m not leaving† (p296) Lily is standing up for what she wants and is taking control of her own life, and is portraying the ego. By her decision making, planning and standing up for herself, it can be determined that Lily is the ego of this novel. Each of these characters has uniquely contributed to the psychological allegory that is present in this novel. T. Ray representing the id by his bad treatment of lily, his lack of caring for Rosaleen, and his selfish ways. May demonstrates the super ego by her caring, innocence, and perfection. And Lily portraying the ego, by her planning, decision making, and the way she stands up for herself. Through all of this proof it can be determined that there is a psychological allegory present in this novel.

Person and Accepted Practice Essay Example for Free

Person and Accepted Practice Essay Lying generally is a bad habit. Sometimes, lying helps people to avoid problems without harming other while in other cases it causes disastrous effects. In this essay I will explain why do people lie and what are the effects of this bad habit on individuals and society. Reasons of telling lies are wide and complicated. People start telling lies because that gives them a specialty. They can pretend that they know things nobody else knows in order to receive something in return. For example: an employee lies to his boss in order to get a promotion or a wife lies to her husband in order to take his money. Other people lie to avoid getting into trouble or punishment. see more:explain how person centred thinking can be used within a team This kind of people does not harm others but they cover embarrassing facts in front of others. For example, a kid lies to his mother in order to avoid her anger. Whatever the reason, lies have negative impact on individuals and society. Liar becomes a mistrusted person and his long-term credibility is at risk. Consequently, he is less likely to be believed in future if he was found out. Persons who are lied to also suffer if they found out because they feel they were deceived and treated as person who does not deserve the truth. As a result they may seek revenge. Social cohesion will be affected also from this bad habit. Lying may become an accepted practice in some places. It becomes harder for people to trust each other or the institutions of society. As a conclusion, although some lies do not affect individuals or society, telling lies becomes easy habit and then people start telling harmful lies.

Strategic Report on Delta Airlines

Strategic Report on Delta Airlines Introduction The airline of our group research is Delta Airlines which is one of the most famous international airlines in the world. And this article is going to discuss the comparison and contrast with another famous airline, Singapore Airlines. Besides, it will also evaluate how they will get today business scale through analysis their growth strategy. Comparison and Contrast According to the web page of Delta Newsroom, Delta Airlines was a dusting services organization, which named Huff Daland Dusters, in U.S. in 1924. One of the Delta partners, C. E. Woolman bought it in 1928 and changed it to provide the air mail services and its name Delta Air Services. Moreover, after Woolman took over the company, it started to services the passenger in 1929 which just serviced 5 passengers with only one route from Dellas, Texas to Jackson, Mississippi (Delta Newsroom). In 1945, Delta was officially changed its name to be Delta Airlines (Delta Newsroom). Its services hub had become from 1 to around 11 and flying over 119 countries with 606 destinations in nowadays. Moreover, its annual passenger is around165 million with around 5400 daily flights (Delta Newsroom). Besides, its net profit is around US$10.54 billion in 2013 (Karp 2014). Delta Airlines has become to be today business scale which was mainly depend on its growth strategy of mergers and acquisition in pas s few decades (Ireland, Hoskisson Hitt 2008). Comparing with Singapore Airlines, it also is one of the famous Airlines in the world. According to the web page Singapore Airlines, It was found in 1947 that cooperated with Malaysia Airlines firstly. Its original name was Malaysia-Singapore Airline. However, in 1972 Singapore Airlines suspended to cooperate with Malaysia Airlines and established its hub in Singapore. When it started the business it already has around 18 destinations with 20 airports that including the international flights of Europe, the Middle East and Australia etc and around 6200 staff which already have the related industry experience (Chua n.d.). Until 2014, Singapore Airlines expand to be over 30 destinations with more than 60 airports (Singapore Airlines website). And in 2013-2014 fiscal year, Singapore Airlines got US$ 288 million net profit (Torr, 2014). That is far different from Delta Airlines when Singapore Airlines officially started its business as the business of Singapore Airlines has already tendin g to be mature. However the business scale of Singapore Airlines is less than Delta Airlines nowadays. On the other hand, the first passenger service flight of Delta Airlines is the domestic flight from Texas to Mississippi. And the Singapore Airlines doesn’t have any domestic flight, it just operate international flight. Moreover, Singapore Airlines has Singapore government support. Such as the Singapore government signed a lot of agreement with other countries to support the developing of Singapore Airlines (Chua n.d.). Besides, the Singapore government owned company, Temasak Holding (Pte) Ltd, is one of the shareholders of Singapore Airlines which holds around 56.15% stake of Singapore Airlines (Singapore Airlines website). Meanwhile, Singapore Airlines is mainly utilizing an organic growth strategy to develop its business (Roll 2005). All of these are also different from Delta Airlines. Although Delta Airlines and Singapore Airlines have a lot of difference of starting the business and its growth strategy, they also utilize the alliance strategy, Delta Airline is Sky Team and Singapore Airlines is Star Alliance, to enlarge its business network (Sky Team website and Star Alliance website). Moreover, Singapore Airlines has mergers and acquisition with 49% stake of Virgin Atlantic such as Delta Airlines, however it sold the 49% stake to Delta Airlines in 2012 (Singapore Airlines website).Besides, they also seem to face a similar macro environment. According to our research portfolio in Chapter 2, PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces analysis that can refer to appendix 2 and 3 for simply analysis, they need to be threat by higher level of bargaining power of suppliers such as fuel and aircraft suppliers and rivalry competitive in the industry with other airlines. Moreover, they also need to face the impact of deregulation that causes the price war with other competito rs. Evaluation of growth strategy According to the above discussion, it related that Delta Airlines is utilizing the strategy of mergers and acquisition to grow its business to become today position. And its first Mergers and Acquisition was starting from 1953, Delta bought Chicago and Southern Air lines and its first international flight in Caribbean and Caracas region had been developed. Then in the later few decades, Delta had another merger and acquisition actions. Through the merger and acquisition strategy, Delta Airlines earned a lot of equity, routes and facilities from those airlines. Therefore, the company scale had been become even bigger and its merger and acquisition time liner such as below table: Table 1 Besides, Delta Airline also use the differentiation strategy to make it different from its competitors to grow its business such as it is first to utilize radio frequency identification (RFID) Tag to check the baggage location through internet. That can help Delta Airlines to save the cost around US$100 million a year to avoid losing the baggage (Rosencrance 2014). Besides, it develops â€Å"Skymile† to the customers to earn the mile for rewarding the free travel to attract more passengers (Delta Airlines website). Moreover, it also utilizes the technology such as twitter and facebook to interact with the passenger, thus it also got an award of Top Tech-Friendly U.S. Airline in 2012 (Delta Newsroom). Meanwhile Delta Airlines establish Delta TechOps to maintain its own fleet and to provide maintenances services to other company (Delta TechOps website). And it has reduce the threat by supplier and cut its operation cost as well. All of these strategies led Delta Airlines to reach today business scale. And Singapore Airlines, it is mainly based on the organic growth strategy to develop its business. Singapore Airlines develop a lot of different new routes as the Singapore government signed the agreement with the government of New Zealand, Indonesia and Japan etc. before (Chua n.d.).Besides, the Singapore Airlines utilizes the differentiation strategy as well to enlarge its business scale such as it is first to provide free choice of meal and free drink in an economy class in 1970s (Singapore Airlines website). Singapore Airlines seems to be become an industry dominator to provide a lot of services to its passenger for attracting more passengers. It desires to build up a good branding of Singapore Airlines as well. Therefore, it also creates its branding through well training its staff such as providing four month training to its carbine crews that is longer than regular two months training of western airlines (Marquardt 2012). It creates a good image of its carbine crew which name Singapore girls that represent always elegant images as an ambassador of Singapore Airlines to attract the customer (Singapore Airlines website). Therefore, it also got one of the World’s Top Airlines award in 2014 (World Airlines Awards website). On the other hand, Singapore Airlines use the modern and new fleet of aircraft (Chua n.d.). The new and modern aircraft of Singapore Airlines build a good perspective to the customer for enhancing its profits sales. Besides, the new aircraft seems to reduce the maintenance time that can also decline the maintenance cost as well. Singapore Airlines is utilizing all of these strategies to develop its business to reach today position. Conclusion In conclude that, a different strategy has a different result and that also affect the development of its business scale such as Delta Airlines and Singapore Airlines. Delta Airlines utilize the mergers and acquisition strategy and Singapore Airlines utilize organic growth strategy. Therefore, their business scale has significantly different from each other. Meanwhile it found that effective growth strategy should also coordinate with other kind of strategies to attract more customers for enhancing the company growth such as Delta Airlines and Singapore Airlines which also coordinate with the differentiation strategy to enlarge its profits sales. One more important thing that, choosing the different growth strategy also depends on its sources such as Singapore Airlines which has Singapore government’s financial support, in contrast with Delta Airlines, it has even enough source to be organic growth. Appendix 1 Delta’s M A timeline Appendix 2 PESTEL Analysis Appendix 3 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Reference Chua, A n.d., Singapore Airlines (SIA). Accessed on 8 Nov 2014 http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1705_2010-08-10.html Delta-Newsroom. Accessed on 25 Sep 2014 http://news.delta.com/History Delta TechOps websirte. Accessed on 8 Nov 2014 http://www.deltatechops.com/ Ireland, RD, Hoskisson, R Hitt, M 2008, Understanding Business Strategy: Concepts and cases, Cengage Learning. Karp, A 2014, Delta Air Lines earns $10.5 billion 2013 net profit. Accessed on 8 Nov 2014 http://atwonline.com/finance-amp-data/delta-air-lines-earns-105-billion-2013-net-profit Marquardt, M 2012, Global Leaders for the Twenty-First Century, SUNY Press. Roll, M 2005, Asian Brand Strategy: How Asia Builds Strong Brands, Palgrave Macmillan. Rosencrance, L 2004, Delta to use RFID tags to tack luggage. Accessed on 8 Nov 2014 http://www.computerworld.com/article/2564693/mobile-wireless/delta-to-use-rfid-tags-to-track-luggage.html Singapore Airlines website. Accessed on 8 Nov 2014 http://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/about-us/sia-history/ Sky Team website. Accessed on 8 Nov 2014 https//www.skyteam.com/en/ Star Alliance website. Accessed on 8 Nov 2014 http://www.staralliance.com/en/ Torr, J 2014, Singapore Airlines annual net profit down 5%, operating profit up 13%. Accessed on 8 Nov 2014 http://atwonline.com/finance-data/singapore-airlines-annual-net-profit-down-5-operating-profit-13 World Airline Awards website. Accessed on 8 Nov 2014 http://www.worldairlineawards.com/Awards_2014/Airline2014_top20.htm

History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement :: Gays and Lesbians in America

THE HOMOPHILE YEARS (1940s-60s – WWII, Cold War, McCarthyism): 1940s  · Growth in the urban subculture of gay men and lesbians.  · Government and police harassment, persecution, and investigation of gays. 1950s-1960s  · The homophile movement remained small and relatively marginalized. End of 1960s  · Rise of activism + â€Å"Gay is good†  · Reformist goals: à ¼ decriminalization of homosexual acts, à ¼ equal treatment and equal rights under the law, à ¼ dissemination of accurate, à ¼ â€Å"unbiased† information about homosexuality.  · Achievements: à ¼ right to publish gay and lesbian magazines, à ¼ first employment discrimination cases won, à ¼ constraints on police harassment, à ¼ dialogue opened in the scientific and religious communities, à ¼ media visibility, à ¼ organizational impulse, à ¼ denunciation of how gays and lesbians are a mistreated, persecuted minority.  · Problems: Society’s hostility against homosexuals and the penalties attached to exposure. STONEWALL AND THE EMERGENCE OF RADICAL GAY LIBERATION (1969-e1970s): June 1969  · Stonewall Riot à ° Symbol of a new militance. Result: a radical mass movement. Early 1970s  · Gay Liberation Front (GLF): Radical gay and lesbian activism.  · Influences: civil rights movement, Black Power movement, white student movement, antiwar movement, and feminism.  · Goals: à ¼ Attack of the systemic oppression of gays and lesbians. à ¼ Analysis of gay oppression and sexism. à ¼ Making common cause with â€Å"all the oppressed† and commitment to a larger project of political change. à ¼ Public demonstrations and emphasis on visibility.  · Achievements: à ¼ New rhetoric of pride and affirmation. à ¼ Political, social, and cultural organizations that helped build a movement and a community. à ¼ Public affirmation of homosexual identity (coming out in public).  · Problems: Employment discrimination, arrests, political conservatism, economic entrenchment, and lack of attention to sexism and racism. A GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1970s):  · Reformative politics: Rather than try to destroy the old in order to build something new, they sought recognition and inclusion in American society. à ¼ Gay Activist Alliance (GAA). à ¼ From liberation to activism.  · Emphasis on coming out and gay rights. They expected and demanded acceptance for who they were.  · Militant and angry protests.  · Language of pride and self-affirmation; rejection of mainstream cultural views of homosexuality.  · Single-issue organizations, completely gay-focused, with clearly specified structures and processes.  · Goals: ending job discrimination, media invisibility, church and military discrimination.  · Achievements: à ¼ 1973 à ° the American Psychiatric Association eliminates homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. à ¼ less discrimination and harassment, à ¼ greater visibility, à ¼ new economic opportunities for gay-oriented businesses (bars, bathhouses, discos, restaurants, etc.

Charlemagne Essay examples -- essays papers

Charlemagne The two lives of Charlemagne as told by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer are very different accounts of the life of the great Emperor. Einhard gives us a historical overview of the life of Charlemagne who lived from 742 to 814 A.D. Charlemagne was also known as Charles the Great and the King of the Franks.Charles was one of four children born to Pepin the Short, A Mayor of the Palace of the Carolingian Empire. He had one brother, Carloman and two sisters, Gisela and Pepin.Since women at the time didn’t inherit power, when Pepin the Short died, the kingship of the Carolingian Empire was divided and shared by Charlemagne and his brother, Carloman. Unfortunately, Carloman died early and unexpectedly as a young man and the entire land of the Franks was given to Charlemagne. This kingdom was vast and covers what would today include parts of the countries of Germany, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and France. Charlemagne took very good care of his mother who lived with him at the palace and died at a ripe old age. His brother Pepin died as a child and his sister Gisela spent her entire life as a religious in a nunnery. Charlemagne had four wives and four concubines. From these relationships he had fourteen children. He insisted on educating all of his children both the boys and the girls. The boys leaned how to hunt and use arms while the girls learned womanly things like weaving. Charlemagne was a devoted father and when he wasn’t fighting a war and was at home, he insisted on eating dinner with his children and also took them with him on many of his journeys. He was so attached to his daughters that he refused to give them away in marriage with the result that two of them ended up having illegitimate... ...ut who lost heart at the last moment and succeeded only in slashing him across the eyes. The pope summoned Charlemagne to Rome and bestowed the crown of Emperor and Augustus upon him. The Pope’s attackers fled when they heard that Charlemagne was coming but they were found and punished some were imprisoned and other condemned to death. The Charlemagne of Einhard is a man of many notable characteristics and accomplishments. Einhard gives a sense of what the important events and people in Charlemagne’ s life were. Einhard gives a more detailed and colorful background to many of the events even if some of his descriptions and stories are not believable. In Einhard, we learn the facts. In Notker, we see Charlemagne’s sense of humor, and his compassion; his forgiveness; his sense of equality and fairness. In the many anecdotes Of Notker, Charlemagne comes alive. Charlemagne Essay examples -- essays papers Charlemagne The two lives of Charlemagne as told by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer are very different accounts of the life of the great Emperor. Einhard gives us a historical overview of the life of Charlemagne who lived from 742 to 814 A.D. Charlemagne was also known as Charles the Great and the King of the Franks.Charles was one of four children born to Pepin the Short, A Mayor of the Palace of the Carolingian Empire. He had one brother, Carloman and two sisters, Gisela and Pepin.Since women at the time didn’t inherit power, when Pepin the Short died, the kingship of the Carolingian Empire was divided and shared by Charlemagne and his brother, Carloman. Unfortunately, Carloman died early and unexpectedly as a young man and the entire land of the Franks was given to Charlemagne. This kingdom was vast and covers what would today include parts of the countries of Germany, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and France. Charlemagne took very good care of his mother who lived with him at the palace and died at a ripe old age. His brother Pepin died as a child and his sister Gisela spent her entire life as a religious in a nunnery. Charlemagne had four wives and four concubines. From these relationships he had fourteen children. He insisted on educating all of his children both the boys and the girls. The boys leaned how to hunt and use arms while the girls learned womanly things like weaving. Charlemagne was a devoted father and when he wasn’t fighting a war and was at home, he insisted on eating dinner with his children and also took them with him on many of his journeys. He was so attached to his daughters that he refused to give them away in marriage with the result that two of them ended up having illegitimate... ...ut who lost heart at the last moment and succeeded only in slashing him across the eyes. The pope summoned Charlemagne to Rome and bestowed the crown of Emperor and Augustus upon him. The Pope’s attackers fled when they heard that Charlemagne was coming but they were found and punished some were imprisoned and other condemned to death. The Charlemagne of Einhard is a man of many notable characteristics and accomplishments. Einhard gives a sense of what the important events and people in Charlemagne’ s life were. Einhard gives a more detailed and colorful background to many of the events even if some of his descriptions and stories are not believable. In Einhard, we learn the facts. In Notker, we see Charlemagne’s sense of humor, and his compassion; his forgiveness; his sense of equality and fairness. In the many anecdotes Of Notker, Charlemagne comes alive.

business letters :: essays research papers

The story behind the letter below is that there is this guy in > Newport, RI named Scott Williams who digs things out of his backyard > and sends the stuff he finds to the Smithsonian Institute, labeling > them with scientific names, insisting that they are actual > archaeological finds. This guy really exists and does this in his > spare time. Here's the actual response from the Smithsonian Institution to > one such find. So, the next time you are challenged to respond in >writing..... > ____________________________________________________ > > Smithsonian Institute > 207 Pennsylvania Avenue > Washington, DC 20078 > > Dear Mr. Williams: > > Thank you for your latest submission to the Institute, labeled > "93211-D,layer seven, next to the clothesline post...Hominid skull." > We have given this specimen a careful and detailed examination, and > regret to inform you that we disagree with your theory that it > represents conclusive proof of the presence of Early Man in > Charleston County two million years ago. > > Rather, it appears that what you have found is the head of a Barbie > doll, of the variety that one of our staff, who has small children, > believes to be "Malibu Barbie." It is evident that you have given a > great deal of thought to the analysis of this specimen, and you may > be quite certain that those of us who are familiar with your prior work > in the field were loathe to come to contradiction with your findings. > However, we do feel that there are a number of physical attributes of > the specimen which might have tipped you off to its modern origin: > > 1. The material is molded plastic. Ancient hominid remains are > typically fossilized bone. > > 2. The cranial capacity of the specimen is approximately 9 cubic > centimeters, well below the threshold of even the earliest > identified proto-homonids. > > 3. The dentition pattern evident on the skull is more consistent with > the common domesticated dog than it is with the ravenous > man-eating Pliocene clams you speculate roamed the wetlands during > that time. This latter finding is certainly one of the most > intriguing hypotheses you have submitted in your history with this > institution, but the evidence seems to weigh rather heavily > against it. Without going into too much detail, let us say that: > > A. The specimen looks like the head of a Barbie doll that a > dog has chewed on. > B. Clams don't have teeth. > > It is with feelings tinged with melancholy that we must deny your > request to have the specimen carbon-dated.

Bba Application Essay

Community is where one finds a place to belong and a purpose to pursue. It can mean the difference between soaring with greatness or simply floating along. It is where leaders find their passion to shine and their reasons to thrive. The Emory Concert Choir community is no different, and it is where I have found my own passion and purpose to grow and thrive. The Emory Concert Choir is a family of diverse individuals who join together to fill each other’s lives up with song and laughter. It is where each of us has found our identity and expresses our passion for music.Each precious breath that escapes between our lips echoes through the concert hall and is filled with our pride and joy. However, music is not a treasure to be guarded from others, but is instead a food for the soul that should overflow. Therefore, I have thusly devoted myself to let our music be known to the Emory community as our Publicity Chair. In order to increase our campus awareness and allow a larger number of students to enjoy our concerts, I have started a number of initiatives since being appointed.During my freshman year, I noticed a lot of listeners came up after our concerts to express their gratitude. Many claimed to have been overwhelmed with joy and loved the beautiful sounds. Yet, many of these faces were not seen during the following concert. I realized that the problem lies within the lack communication of information; many simply did not know the date of our next concert. In order to increase communication, I began collecting email lists after each concert for those who wished to be informed of our future concerts.Furthermore, our new YouTube pages and Facebook pages will now allow us to utilize social media to engage with the Emory community. These new tools will help us keep the Emory community informed of all our future ventures. However, awareness does not end with simply communicating information. It is equally important to develop and maintain an image and identity of our Choir as a whole. Just as a company advertises its brand image, we too plan on promoting our choir’s image.During the academic year of 2012-2013, one of my largest initiatives is to identify the key characteristics of our choir, and create a campaign to promote that image. We have already begun designing apparel for the choir and revamping our website. The efforts made here will help shape Concert Choir’s place in the Emory community for the years to come. Over the past year, Emory Concert Choir has transformed from a group of singing strangers, to a family of friends supporting a common goal. I now know my role in improving our Concert Choir family and I know I have the capacity to achieve such greatness.

No Plastic Bags: the Influence of Different Factors on Consumer Attitudes Towards an Environmental Initiative

Environmental issues have within the recent years become a frequently debated matter and corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a new determinant for consumers purchase decisions. As a consequence of this, ever more companies have begun to implement different CSR initiatives in order to take responsibility for the environment. The arguments differ among researchers whether it is actually profitable for companies to invest in CSR initiatives. In this study we have based upon the functional theory of attitudes and identified different factors that are likely to affect consumer attitudes towards an environmental CSR initiative and formed a model for this. The model postulates four main factors that are likely to affect consumers attitudes towards an environmental initiative; which attitude a consumer holds towards the actual product (in this case the paper bags) in question, the extent to which a consumer considers environmental responsibility to be important, the extent to which a consumer considers environmental issues to be a threat to her-/himself and the amount of information a consumer receives about the initiative. To test our model we used a quantitative approach and investigated the consumer attitudes towards the initiative no plastic bags at the shopping centre Strompilen, Umea. We found that consumers in general are very positive towards the initiative. We then looked closer into what parts of our model that had significant impact on consumer attitudes towards the concept. The Chi-Square tests showed that three of four parts in the model could be verified. These parts were; the consumer’s attitude towards the actual product (in this case the paper bag), how important environmental responsibility is to a consumer and to what extent a consumer sees environmental issues as a threat to her-/himself. The fourth part of the model; the amount of information a consumer has received could not be verified. Thus the model was modified and was in the end constituted by the three parts that had been statistically verified.

“A Tale of Two Cities” by Charles Dickens Essay

Injustice is probably one of the oldest forms of hate known to man. Injustice can be found anywhere and in all forms of life. One of the most well known forms of injustice is slavery. Men and women of all ages and races suffer under slavery still to this day. Romania, for example, has been home to the unfortunate youth who are sold as prostitutes by their own parents! We all know that this is wrong, but society has driven us to not considering this as slavery, just cruelty. Obviously slavery is unjust, but some people to this date still do not know this because of the way they were brought up. However, what was once justified can, upon closer examination, be considered unjust. This was also the case during the revolution in France that began in 1789. Charles Dickens in â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities† described the many injustices that resulted from oppression in France. Injustice during the French Revolution affected everyone touched by it because the revolution claimed many victi ms on all sides. French peasants suffered, the aristocrats suffered, and innocent people suffered when the Revolution claims its victims. The unjust French government oppressed the poor peasants until they revolted in a bloody uprising. Everyone has a breaking point, and once it was reached, it was very hard to go back to a calm state. It was already bad that Marie Antoinette was using the tax money from the poor peasants to pay for her unnecessary dinner parties. Once Antoinette raised the taxes for that same purpose, it became unjust. This resulted in the beheading of Marie Antoinette. The wine was red wine, and had stained the ground of the narrow street in the suburb of Saint Antoine, in Paris, where it was spilled. It had stained many hands, too, and many faces, and many naked feet, and many wooden shoes. The hands of the man who sawed the wood, left red marks on the billets; and the forehead of the woman who nursed her baby, was stained with the stain of the old rag she wound about her head again. Those who had been greedy with the staves of the cask, had acquired a tigerish smear about the mouth; and one tall joker so besmirched, his head more out of a long squalid bag of a night-cap than in it, scrawled upon a wall with his finger dipped in muddy wine-lees–blood (Dickens 37). The wine, which symbolizes blood, was smeared everywhere. This showed how desperate the French were to find some nourishment, even if it meant slurping wine off the city streets. It was amazing how a calm day in France changed into first come first serve madness. Also, the raiding of the Bastille showed how little the peasants could tolerate before retaliating. In this massacre, the peasants overpowered the guards to set the famous landmark on fire. Next, the aristocrats suffer from the united peasants’ uncontrollable anger and violence. One may wonder how the aristocrats and the peasants suffered at the same time? Before the Revolution, the aristocrats had all the money and happiness, but as the Revolution progressed, this happiness gradually converted into fear. Once the peasants realized that they made up the majority, they took advantage of this. The peasants’ anger drove them to imprisoning and killing every rich person in sight. Innocent people were killed just because they were rich. Aristocrats had no chance of survival because they were hated most. Anyone who worked for the government or even believed in what it stood for lived in a life of fear. The Marquis from â€Å"A Tale of Two cities† was too ignorant to realize that his comments bothered the people. This angered the peasants along with how wealthy he was. But one didn’t have to be the Marquis to be punished. Any wealthy man returning to France could be considered an emigrant. For instance, Darnay, a wealthy man, was accused of being an emigrant, so he was immediately sent to prison. As you can see, even the wealthy had no protection under the crumbled government. Lastly, innocent people suffer as the Revolution burned out of control. Innocent people, which included relatives of those directly affected, suffer just because of the overgrown madness. A good example of this would be Lucie and her daughter Little Lucie. Madam Defarge (who was probably the biggest reactionary in the whole book) wanted the whole Manette family to suffer just because Darnay (the nephew of the Marquis) married into the family. Luckily, Little Lucie was not hurt, thanks to Mrs. Pross who put her own life on the line just to save the Manette family. Mrs. Pross, who lived a simple, quiet life, suffered partial deafness from the sound of a single gunshot. Many relatives of the aristocrats received death by the guillotine just because of their family ties and heritage. This was not right, but the people were blinded by their madness to even think about who they were killing and punishing. As illustrated, injustice during the French Revolution affected everyone touched by it because the Revolution claimed so many victims on all sides. Thousands of irreplaceable lives were taken during the time of the Revolution. There were no winners in the outcome of the revolution. These few years were some of the worst France had ever seen. The grindstone had a double handle, and turning at it madly were two men, whose faces, as their long hair flapped back when the whirlings of the grindstone brought their faces up, were more horrible and cruel than the visages of the wildest savages in their most barbarous disguises (Dickens 260). Is it ok to do unjust things in the name of justice? Will there ever be an end to injustice in the world we live in? At the rate we’re going, we may never reach the desired utopia that we dream of. A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay In ‘A Tale of Two Cities,’ by Charles Dickens, there were two characters that have many different personality traits, strengths, and weaknesses. But they also had a few things in common as well. These two characters are Sydney Carton and Madame Defarge. Although these two characters are alike, they both have different motives. Sydney Carton is a very strong and intelligent man. Fist, Carton presents himself as a drunk, lazy attorney, who feels as though his life has no meaning. Carton professes his love to Lucie Manette, but later on Carton becomes a changed man. He transform into a Christ-like figure. He begins to shoulder his way through life. His goals are positive and lead to his â€Å"recalled to life,† in book the first. Carton only wants to do what he knows will please Lucie, because he wants to die with the knowledge that one human being in the world who thought he was worth something and cared for him. Another character in the book named Stryver, describes Carton as â€Å"summons, no energy, and purpose.† Sydney also describes himself as, â€Å"like one who died young.† The only time in which Carton’s motivation kick in is towards the end, when he sacrifices his own life for Charles Darnay because he knows it is what would make Lucie Manette happy. The next character I will describe is Madame Defarge. Madame Defarge is completely motivated as well as Carton is, but Madame Defarge is also driven with revenge. It appears that Madame Defarge goals are only of vengeance. Madame Defarge is self-centered; app her goals are reflected around herself and her own revenge, which is shown when she says, â€Å"Tell the wind and fire where to stop; not me.† †A Tale of Two Cities† by Charles Dickens Essay Throughout A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens tells the story of several characters, all of who are developed continuously throughout the chapters. Several of the characters are greatly developed, some showing unpredictable sides to their personalities. Sydney Carton is a prime example of such a character, his delicate personality revealed when he declares his love for Lucie. He is not the only character in love with Lucie, however. Throughout Book Two, it is revealed that Stryver and Charles Darnay are also coveting Lucie. Darnay and Carton both announce their love for her, however Carton is the only one who goes directly to Lucie to tell her. In this passage, Carton is asking Lucie to not forget him and to remember that even when she is married and with kids, he will always be there for her to keep her happy. Carton’s declaration of his love for Lucie not only reveals his love and foreshadows his selfless, noble act in the later chapters, but in addition, Dickens’ use of language reveals that Sydney is no longer the â€Å"jackal,† but that he is in fact much more than that – a sensitive man with deep emotions. Dickens’ use of language in this passage brings to light the sincerity in Sydney Carton, changing the mood of the reader towards him, and the words that Dickens uses to make Carton express himself allows Carton to truly show his desire for Lucie. When Carton says, â€Å"for you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything,† Dickens is emphasizing the fact that Carton is dedicated to her. Throughout the passage, he continuously repeats phrases including the word you, such as when he states â€Å"I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you.† As a result of emphasizing Carton’s love for Lucie, Dickens creates an immense feeling of sympathy for the reader, as the dedication for Lucie is expressed so eloquently. The fact that Carton accepts this unrequited love by saying â€Å"I will relieve you of a visitor with whom I well know you have nothing in unison, and between whom and you there is an impassable space† creates even more comp assion for Carton because even though it is known that Lucie does not reciprocate his feelings, it is even more painful to watch as he simply walks away from the woman he loves. In addition to uncovering Carton’s true love for Lucie, Dickens uses irony to show the eloquent Carton that contrasts with the drunken Carton of the previous chapters. The chapter to which this passage belongs to is titled â€Å"The Fellow of No Delicacy,† which is ironic because although perhaps Carton was not delicate in the preceding chapters, in this passage he is nothing but eloquent and delicate. He remarks â€Å"try to hold me in your mind, at some quiet times, as ardent and sincere in this one thing,† a great example of his eloquence, which once again causes the reader to develop sympathy for him, since the language he is using so differs from his previous drunken language à ¯Ã‚ ¨203). Carton’s eloquence really shines through in this passage, even though it contrasts with the chapter title and Dickens creates sympathy and tenderness towards Sydney Carton. Because Sydney Carton is put down, not only by others but by himself as well, throughout the entire first half of the second book, when he declares his love for Lucie in such an unselfish and loving manner, it changes how Carton is viewed. Since Stryver takes all the credit for being successful even though Carton does all the work, it is written, â€Å"†¦although Sydney Carton would never be a lion, he was an amazingly good jackal† à ¯Ã‚ ¨116). Carton even describes himself to Darnay as â€Å"I am a disappointed drudge, sir I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me,† exhibiting Carton’s own self-pity and sadness for the world à ¯Ã‚ ¨113). However, with this passage, Sydney Carton causes any reader to fully disregard any judgments made for his character. Dickens previously portrayed him as this unfortunate man without anything to live for, but now it is revealed that Carton does indeed have someone to live for – Lucie and her happi ness. This passage causes all previous opinions about Sydney Carton to be discarded, as now Sydney Carton is no longer the jackal, but he has turned into the lion. In addition to revealing the compassionate and eloquent side of Sydney Carton, this passage is also a moment of foreshadowing for Carton’s noble and unselfish act of sacrificing himself for Lucie’s happiness. What may have seemed to be just talk about how much he loved Lucie turned out to be very, very real. In this passage, Carton declares to Lucie, â€Å"†¦think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you† à ¯Ã‚ ¨204). In his last moments, Carton visualizes Lucie feeling that â€Å"each was not more honoured and held sacred in the other’s soul, than I was in the souls of both,† referring to the respect and recognition that both Darnay and Lucie give to Carton à ¯Ã‚ ¨500). In this passage, Carton sets up his feelings for her, perhaps knowing that someday he would have the chance to occupy a special place in Lucie’s heart for a noble, heroic act. His â€Å"sacrifice for you and for thos e dear to you† embodies the Charles Dickens’ theme of love overpowering everything. With love, Carton was able to have the strength to sacrifice his life for the happiness of one person he cared about. With love, not jealousy, he was able to ask Darnay, â€Å"I wish we might be friends† à ¯Ã‚ ¨275). While Lucie does not reciprocate Carton’s love, she does defend him in front of Darnay, declaring â€Å"I would ask you†¦to be very generous with him always†¦I would ask you to believe that he has a heart he very, very seldom reveals, and that there are deep wounds in it† à ¯Ã‚ ¨278). By Carton declaring his love for Lucie and being wholly devoted to her, he is not only able to give Lucie a complete family, safe and protected in England, but he is also able to say that â€Å"it is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to, than I have ever known,† clearly displaying that through his death, he is gaining all the love and admiration he never had before à ¯Ã‚ ¨500). Sydney Carton is my favorite character of the entire novel. His noble act despite the unrequited love between him and Lucie is such an honorable action, and the fact that he kept true to his word about giving his life â€Å"to keep a life you love beside you† makes him all the more noble à ¯Ã‚ ¨204). I thought that this passage was really a turning point for Sydney Carton’s character, since up to that point he had been very reserved and inarticulate, but when he went to speak to Lucie he became this eloquent speaker, driven by a strong love. From then on, we continue to see Carton’s character develop, creatively seeking out the apothecary for the substances in order for the plan to work. He acted without a moment’s hesitation, and that â€Å"[his face] was the peacefullest man’s face ever beheld there† shows that he had absolutely no regrets about his sacrifice à ¯Ã‚ ¨4à ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¹). To be that calm when he is about to be the newest victim of the Guillotine is a daunting task in itself, but to have someone who would sacrifice his or her life just for someone else’s happiness is beyond imaginable. Therefore, this passage sets the stage for Carton’s ultimate sacrifice, making Carton no longer a â€Å"disappointed drudge,† but a noble hero who goes from being a friend to Darnay and the Manettes to becoming their savior. There is no greater sacrifice that Carton could have made, and for it all to be because he loved Lucie unconditionally is a pretty incredible thing. â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities† by Charles Dickens Essay Loyalty and duty is one of the main themes in â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities†. Dickens examines this theme on many different levels, looking at both the loyalty and duty involved in the characters’ personal relationships and their loyalty to certain causes or beliefs. Many of the characters in the book make great sacrifices due to loyalty on a national level or personal level. Lucie Manette shows great dedication and loyalty to her father, Dr. Manette. Though she once believed she was an orphan, when Lucie meets with her father she is unable to part with him. She looks after him and as the â€Å"golden thread† is able to bring him back to health and lovingly take care of him thereafter. Miss Pross, her nursemaid tells Mr. Lorry how Lucie had to persevere and showed tremendous devotion when she was nursing her father back to health â€Å"He gets up in the dead of night†¦ She hurries to him and they go on together until her love and company have brought him to himself.† (p94) She even says she is willing to avert her marriage plans despite her love for Darnay because she loves her father and does not want to leave him â€Å"If my marriage were so arranged as that it would part us†¦ I should be more unhappy and self-reproachful now than I can tell you.† (p180) Lucie sees it her duty as a daughter to look after Dr. Manette and th roughout the book she demonstrates her loyalty to him â€Å"She had been true to her duties. She was truest to them in the season of trial, as all the quietly loyal and good always will be.† (p264) Lucie also shows loyalty when her husband, Darnay is imprisoned. Throughout his imprisonment, Lucie goes to stand outside the prison for two hours each day hoping that her husband will be able to see her. â€Å"In all weathers she waited†¦ she never missed a single day.† She is also loyal to Carton who professes his love for her. She makes sure that he is welcome in her home and that he is treated with respect despite his reputation and bad habits. She tells Darnay to â€Å"Remember how strong we are in our happiness, and how weak he is in his misery!†. At the end of the book Carton sacrifices his life in order to save Darnay. Lucie honours him even after his death by naming her son after him. Darnay himself shows loyalty to his old steward, Gabelle. Gabelle is imprisoned in France due to his relationship with the Evrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½monde family and he so he writes to Darnay appealing to his â€Å"Justice, honour, and good name.† (p233) Darnay’s sense of duty and responsibility forbids him to turn his back on Gabelle or on his country. He is unaware of how dangerous it will be for him in Paris and idealistically, he even believes that he may be able to calm some of the violence. Eventually, like a ship may be drawn to the Loadstone Rock, he decides to go to Paris and fulfil what he believes is his duty. Miss Pross is brusque, tough, and fiercely loyal to Lucie, her â€Å"Ladybird†. Mr Lorry admires her for being so humble and for adoring Lucie so much that she would do anything for her. He talks of Miss Pross being â€Å"One of those unselfish creatures†¦ who will, for pure love and admiration, bind themselves willing slaves,† (p92) At the beginning of the book, Miss Pross says that she will never go abroad â€Å"If it was ever intended that I should go across salt water, do you suppose Providence would have cast my lot in an island.† (p30). However, when Darnay goes secretly to France and Lucie hears of his imprisonment, Miss Pross accompanies her to France. She overcomes her fear of travelling out of loyalty to Lucie. At the end of the book, Miss Pross shows extreme courage and devotion to Lucie when she faces Madame Defarge to stop her discovering that Lucie is fleeing France. â€Å"I don’t care an English Twopence for myself. I know that the longer I keep you here, the greater hope there is for my Ladybird.† (p352) Miss Pross then starts a violent fight with Madame Defarge though she had â€Å"Never struck a blow in her life† and when a pistol accidentally is shot and kills Madame Defarge, Miss Pross is deafened for life. The fight between these two women shows how Miss Pross was stronger in her loyalty to Lucie than Madame Defarge was in her hatred- â€Å"love, always so much stronger than hate.† (p353) Miss Pross also remains loyal to her brother even though he had previously stolen all of her money and left her. She says that Solomon was â€Å"the one man worthy of Ladybird† (p92) and that he â€Å"Had the makings in him of one of the best and greatest men in his native country.† (p284) The revolutionaries in France prove that a new, fairer French republic can only be achieved with heavy and terrible costs. Personal loves and loyalties must be sacrificed for the good of the nation. When Darnay is arrested for the second time, the guard who seizes him reminds Manette that state interests should be held above personal loyalties. â€Å"If the Republic demands sacrifices from you, without doubt you as a good patriot will be glad to make them. The Republic goes before all.† (p281) Defarge shows courage and loyalty to the revolution when he tries to give a petition to the King â€Å"At the hazard of his life, darted out before the horses with the petition in his hand.† (p163) However, Madame Defarge thinks her husband weak when he pities Doctor Manette and does not want Darnay or Lucie to be killed. â€Å"If it depended on thee- which happily it does not- thou wouldst rescue this man even now.† (p326) Dr. Manette is loyal to his dutiful daughter Lucie. Even when Charles tells him that he is part of the French aristocratic family who caused his long imprisonment in the Bastille, he allows Charles to marry her. Though the shock of this discovery causes a relapse of his old mental state, when he recovers he accepts the marriage of Lucie and Charles for his daughter’s happiness. Mr. Lorry is extremely loyal to Tellson’s Bank. He agrees to go to the bank in Paris even in the midst of the revolution to make sure it is safe. â€Å"If I were not prepared to submit myself to a few inconveniences for the sake of Tellson’s, after all these years, who ought to be?† (p226) He describes himself as a man of business and even when he is almost eighty years old, he risks his safety and goes to Paris just to ensure the safety of the bank. Jerry Cruncher tells his wife what he thinks is her duty. â€Å"A mother’s first duty is to blow her boy out.† Mr. Cruncher does not like his wife praying because he thinks it affects his work as a grave-robber. â€Å"You have no more natural sense of duty than the bed of this here Themes river has of a pile,† (p156) However, he shows loyalty to Mr. Lorry and to the Manettes when he tells Carton that Roger Cly was not dead as he had not been in his grave when he went to dig it up. Cruncher puts his position at risk when he gives away his secret career. The French aristocracy show a lack of duty and loyalty. They treat the people of France extremely badly. When the Marquis St. Evrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½monde’s coach runs over a child he thinks that tossing a coin to the father is enough compensation. Monseneigneur shows no loyalty to his family. When he wanted some money he married his sister to a rich man, treating her like an object rather than a sister. Dr. Manette sees how cruel the Evremendes were when he has to look after the dying lady whom they had taken from her husband on her wedding night. The sacrifice of Sydney Carton is an example of tremendous loyalty to Lucie and her family. Carton loves Lucie so much that he willingly gives up his life to save her husband, Charles Darnay. â€Å"For you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything.† Carton single-handedly thinks up a plan and arranges that he replaces Darnay at the guillotine. Carton’s love for Lucie eventually makes him a better person, knowing that he will save Darnay radically changes him, â€Å"For the first time in many years, he had no strong drink.† (p324) Even Mr. Lorry notices the change in him â€Å"His manner was so fervent and inspiring,† (p330). For the first time Carton feels like his life may have a purpose and could be useful â€Å"Of little worth as life is when we misuse it,† (p322)Carton’s loyalty to Lucie is extremely important for him, in choosing to die for her, Carton not only enables their happiness but also ensures his spiritual rebirth. â€Å"It is a far, far better thing that I do than I have ever done, it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.† (p361) We can see through all these characters how important loyalty and duty is. For some people like Carton and Miss Pross, it provides a purpose in life. For others such as Dr. Manette, Lucie and Darnay, duty is what they feel is the right thing to do. Overall, Dickens shows us that duty and loyalty can make you a better person and that sometimes sacrifice is necessary to achieve happiness or to produce something good.